Fig. 3: Metabolism of NAD+ precursors in human whole-blood cell culture (50 µM NA, NAR, NAMN, Nam, NR and NMN).
a, NAD+ levels. b–d, Salvage pathway metabolites NMN (b), NR (c) and Nam (d). e–h, Preiss–Handler pathway metabolites NAAD (e), NAMN (f), NAR (g) and NA (h). i, Total pool of pentose phosphates. j, Pentose phosphate pool containing ribose-1-phosphate (R1P). k, Pentose phosphate pool containing ribose-5-phosphate (R5P). l, Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (S7P). All measurements were performed with blood from four healthy adult donors except for the starting point (0 min), which included three donors. All values in a–l are expressed as the mean ± s.d. a.u., arbitrary units. m, Qualitative representation of the impact of the NAD+ precursors on the NAD+ metabolome and pentose phosphate pathway in whole blood after 7 h. Circle size corresponds to the strength of the effect at the end of the treatment, and numbers indicate the time (in hours) of the maximum level of declining or transiently increased metabolites.
