Fig. 1: Spatio-temporal patterns of 18 urbanization indicators across Chinese cities from 2005 to 2020.
From: Does people oriented urbanization catch up with land and population urbanization
a Spatial map depicting the change in each indicator from 2005 to 2020, with x-axis and y-axis representing the values in 2020 and 2005, respectively. b Annual trends of each indicator from 2005 to 2020. The indicators are organized into five categories: land and population urbanization indicators (PU population urbanization, LU land urbanization), economic indicators (AD average deposit, AW average wage, CEP consumption expenditure per capita, FAI fixed asset investment per capita, GDPP - Gross Domestic Product per capita, HPIR house price-to-income ratio), social infrastructure indicators (EEP—education expenditure per capita, GSP—green space per capita, PP - physicians per 1000 people, R&DEP—research and development expenditure per capita, UPR - unemployment rate), environmental and management indicators (NHTR - nonhazardous treatment rate of domestic waste, PM2.5- PM2.5 concentration, SDE sulfur dioxide emissions from industry), and social equity indicators (Gini coefficient, URIR urban-rural income ratio).
