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  • Review Article
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Interactions of tropical cyclones with global energy and water cycles

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment volume 7, pages 216–234 (2026) Cite this article

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Abstract

Tropical cyclones (TCs) are powerful weather phenomena that substantially alter Earth’s energy and water budgets. In this Review, we discuss the interactions of TCs with global energy and water cycles across various spatial and temporal scales. TCs annually extract a substantial amount of heat (0.17–0.25 PW) and water (1.9–2.8 × 1015 kg yr−1) from the ocean, and account for 8–17% of tropical precipitation. In the days (up to 1 month) after a TC, the generated Rossby wave trains can affect the development of subsequent TCs. Similarly, cold wakes left at the ocean surface modulate subsequent TC activity and regional winds, clouds, rainfall and radiation. The cumulative effects of TCs can have long-term (over 1 month) effects on global ocean heat uptake (annual mean 0.13–1.4 PW), ocean circulation and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Anthropogenic warming is likely to alter TC intensity, track and frequency, and the associated precipitation; however, projections of the future impacts of TCs on energy and water transport remain uncertain. Better quantifications of energy and water flows during and after TC events are needed to improve model representation of TC processes, their evolving role in a changing climate, and estimates of future risks.

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Fig. 1: Impacts of tropical cyclones on energy and water transport in the Northern Hemisphere.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 2: Air–sea energy and water budgets during tropical cyclones.
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Fig. 3: Immediate effects of tropical cyclones.
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Fig. 4: Short-term changes in energy and water transport in the atmosphere and upper ocean.
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Fig. 5: Short-term and long-term effects of tropical cyclones.
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Fig. 6: Long-term impacts of tropical cyclones on climate patterns.
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Data availability

The observation and model data used in Figs. 2, 4 and 6 of this Review are available at http://www.ocean.iap.ac.cn/ftp/cheng/Ma_etal_NREE_TC_energywater_data/.

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Acknowledgements

Z.M., D.Z. and J.F. acknowledge support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China through grants 42192552 and 42475011. S.J.C. acknowledges support from National Science Foundation grants AGS-2244918 and AGS-2217618. G.R.F. acknowledges support from based funds to NOAA/AOML. I.I.L. thanks Y. T. Chang for discussions and is supported by NSTC 113-2123-M-002-006-. D.R.C. acknowledges support from National Science Foundation grants 1945113 and 2431970. E.A.R. acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council through the Discovery Project grant DP210103203. The authors acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and thank the climate modelling groups for producing and making available their model output through the Earth System Grid Federation. NSF-NCAR is sponsored by the US National Science Foundation. The authors thank L. Zhang, W. Shi, X. Wang, Y. Zhang and K. Hu for sharing the data used to produce Figs. 4, 6, and Supplementary Fig. 6.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China

    Zhanhong Ma, Deyuan Zhang, Jianfang Fei & Hexin Ye

  2. State Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Modeling and Application, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Lijing Cheng

  3. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA

    Suzana J. Camargo

  4. Columbia Climate School, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Suzana J. Camargo

  5. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA

    Kevin E. Trenberth

  6. Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    Kevin E. Trenberth

  7. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

    I. I. Lin

  8. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, Miami, FL, USA

    Gregory R. Foltz

  9. Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Daniel R. Chavas

  10. School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

    Elizabeth A. Ritchie

  11. The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Weather of the 21st Century, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

    Elizabeth A. Ritchie

  12. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

    Claudia Pasquero

  13. School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Kevin J. E. Walsh

  14. School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

    Zhemin Tan

  15. Department of Climate, Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

    Ryan L. Sriver

  16. State Key Laboratory of Submarine Geoscience and School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Lei Zhou

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Contributions

Z.M. and L.C. led the overall conceptual design and coordinated the writing in collaboration with K.E.T. All authors made substantial contributions to the discussions, structuring, writing and reviewing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zhanhong Ma or Lijing Cheng.

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Nature Reviews Earth & Environment thanks Haiyan Jiang, Xidong Wang, Hui Li and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Ma, Z., Cheng, L., Camargo, S.J. et al. Interactions of tropical cyclones with global energy and water cycles. Nat Rev Earth Environ 7, 216–234 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-026-00770-6

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