Fig. 5: SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are observed across the life course and demonstrate IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 production.

a, Spike-specific cellular response in relation to age in seropositive donors (n = 80) (two-tailed Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.02, P = 0.82). The dotted black line indicates the cutoff for a positive response. b, Comparison of spike-specific cellular and antibody responses in seropositive donors (n = 80) (two-tailed Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.32, P = 0.003). c, Mean spike-specific cellular responses in the age categories <40 (purple), 40–64 (blue) and 65+ years (green) at 0, 2 and 4 months. The error bars indicate the s.e. Tukey’s multiple comparisons test showed no significance. d, N/M/E-specific cellular response in relation to age in seropositive donors (n = 80) (two-tailed Pearson correlation coefficient r = −0.03, P = 0.72). The dotted black line indicates the cutoff for a positive response. e, Comparison of N/M/E-specific cellular and antibody responses in seropositive donors (n = 80) (two-tailed Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.35, P = 0.001). f, Mean N/M/E-specific cellular responses in the age categories <40 (purple), 40–64 (blue) and >65 years (green) at 0, 2 and 4 months. The error bars indicate the s.e. Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, *P = 0.02, **P = 0.005. g, IL-2 concentration in ELISpot supernatants in DMSO (blue), spike S1 (red) and N/M/E (green) peptide-stimulated wells (n = 47 individuals tested from the ELISpot supernatants). Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, ****P ≤ 0.0001. h, IL-10 concentration in ELISpot supernatants in DMSO (blue), spike S1 (red) and N/M/E (green) peptide-stimulated wells (n = 47 individuals tested from the ELISpot supernatants). Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, **P ≤ 0.002