Extended Data Fig. 5: Correlations between spike- or influenza-specific response and frequency of differentiation subsets, and specificity of the spike response.

(a) Correlation between S-specific IFN-γ response of non-naïve CD4 + (r = 0.403, P = 0.001; n = 60) or (b) CD8 + T cell (r = 0.382, P = 0.0026; n = 60) with percentage of naïve T cells in vaccines, measured by FACS. Correlation of percentage of (c) CD4 + (n = 60) and (d) CD8 + (n = 60) central memory (CM), effector memory (EM), and effector memory RA + (EMRA) with number of S-specific IFN-γ SFCs. Correlation of IFN-γ production (SFCs) in response to influenza virus (n = 56) in (e) CD4 + and (f) CD8 + naïve T cells. Correlation of S-specific IFN-γ SFCs with (g) CD4 + and (h) CD8 + naïve T cells in exposed subjects 50–100 days post positive PCR. (i) Frequency of S1 (filled circle) or S2 (open circle) specific IFN-γ SFCs in vaccinated subjects responding to S protein (light blue 22–40 ys n = 22; red 41–65 ys n = 23; grey ≥66 yr, n = 13). (j) Proportion of T cells directed to the S1 (filled circle) or S2 (open circle) region of the spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 exposed subjects (light blue 22–4 ys n = 13; red 41–65 ys n = 17; grey ≥66 yr, n = 14). Each dot represents a single study subject and horizontal lines indicate medians. The red line represents linear regression and two-tailed Spearman’s test was used to the test the significance (r and P values). P values were determined by two-tailed Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison correction; * P < 0.05; ns: not significant; yr: years.

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