Fig. 5: Enrichment analysis suggests that the shortest and longest transcripts have opposing associations with longevity.

a,b, Fold enrichment for ‘pro-longevity’ (P, green) and ‘anti-longevity’ (A, orange) of protein-coding human genes (a) or mouse genes (b) among the genes with transcript lengths in the bottom 5% or top 5% of lengths. Negative enrichment indicates depletion; n indicates the observed number of genes with a pro-longevity or anti-longevity phenotype among these genes with extreme transcript lengths; e indicates expected number of genes with a pro-longevity or anti-longevity phenotype if there was no association between transcript lengths and longevity phenotypes. We estimated P values using two-sided Fisher’s exact test. The data suggest that pro-longevity genes may be depleted among the shortest genes and may be enriched among the longest genes. c, Human Gene Ontology analysis for annotation enrichment among genes with transcripts in the bottom 5% of transcript lengths and annotation depletion among genes with transcripts in the top 5% of transcript lengths. Area of circle is proportional to number of genes. Edges represent highest embedding of a lower-level hierarchical annotation (smaller circle) within a higher-level one (larger circle). Red (blue) indicates genes enriched in genes with shortest (longest) transcripts (P < 0.05; Benjamini–Hochberg-corrected Fisher’s exact test; Extended Data Figs. 9 and 10, Supplementary Fig. 16, Supplementary Data 1 and Supplementary Tables 7–10).