Extended Data Fig. 9: Comparison of genes in cell-type-specific aging clocks impacted by heterochronic parabiosis and by exercise.

a, Dot plot summarizing and comparing intervention effects across cell types. Effect sizes for parabiosis were determined by averaging cohort 1 and cohort 2. Exposure to young blood via heterochronic parabiosis has a stronger rejuvenation effect than exercise, and the impact is strongest in aNSC-NPCs. b, Pie charts indicating the overlap and directional effects of different interventions on genes selected by chronological aging clocks (BootstrapCell). Top: selected clock genes increase with age: Bottom: selected clock genes decrease with age. c, Barplots showing the proportion of genes that are differentially expressed age which are reversed by intervention, cell type, and whether the genes increase or decrease with age (abs(ln(fold change)) > 0.1, or approximately greater than a 1.1 fold change with age, FDR < 0.1). Parabiosis is effective at shifting differentially expressed genes during aging towards a more young-associated expression levels (more green in ‘Parabiosis’ column). Reduction of expression of genes that increase with age is larger than the induction of expression of genes that decrease with age (more green in ‘Age Increased’ rows).