Extended Data Fig. 2: Dementia risk associated with infections.

Forest plots show the associations of infections with risk of all-cause, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementias in the UK Biobank after excluding dementia cases documented within a 5-yr and b 10-yr post-infection. Additional forest plots show the associations of infections with risk of all-cause, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementias in the Finnish multicohort sample (the Finnish Public Sector study, the Health, and Social Support study, and the Still Working study) after excluding dementia cases documented within c 5-yr and d 10-yr post-infection. Columns report frequencies of the total sample, individuals exposed to a given infection, and individuals diagnosed with dementia. Data are presented as hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. NA indicates insufficient sample size to assess dementia risk. Filled in shapes reflect statistically significant associations. Adjusted differences in dementia risk associated with history of a given infection (hazard ratios) were derived from Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. All-cause dementia included participants with a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease dementia, vascular dementia, Parkinson’s disease dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and other, less commonly specified dementia diagnoses (for example, unspecified dementia). Statistical significance was defined at two-sided p < 0.05 without adjustment for multiple comparisons. The exact p-values are presented in the source data files, Supplementary Tables 7, 9.