Fig. 4: Monocytes undergo substantial age acceleration in response to COVID-19.
a, Boxplot of the age shifts in healthy control and patients with mild and severe COVID-19 in each cell type, calculated as the predicted age subtract by the actual chronological age. See details in Methods. Boxplots: center, median; box limits, upper and lower quartiles; whiskers, 1.5× interquartile range. Two-sided Wilcoxon test: PB:control-mild = 0.0314, PB:control-severe = 0.0485, PCD4T:control-mild = 0.0011, PCD4T:control-severe = 0.000449, PCD8T:control-severe = 0.0348, PMONO:control-mild = 0.00298, PMONO:control-severe = 0.000323; NS, not significant. b, Enriched pathways are calculated by the intersected genes between marker genes and up-regulated genes in patients with mild/severe COVID-19 compared to healthy control in monocytes. Pathways with Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted P < 0.05 are considered significant. c, Enriched pathways are calculated by the intersected genes between marker genes and down-regulated genes in patients with mild/severe COVID-19 compared to healthy control in monocytes. Pathways with Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted P < 0.05 are considered significant. d, Correlation between age shifts in monocytes and WHO severity score. Dashed line represents the linearly fitted curve between WHO severity score and TAA, with the 95% confidence interval (CI). e, Time series age shifts of patients with severe COVID-19 from two independent published scRNA-seq datasets. The x axis is days since symptom onset, and the y axis is the age shifts. Curve is fitted using “loess” function, with the 95% CI. f, Time series age shifts of severe and severe ICU patients from a single-nucleus RNA-seq dataset. ICU, intensive care unit. The x axis is days since positive PCR test result, and the y axis is the age shifts. Curve is fitted using loess function, with the 95% CI.
