Fig. 5: CD8+ T cells exhibit diverse age alterations among individuals in response to BCG vaccination.
a, Age shifts in each cell type per individual. Red color means age acceleration after BCG vaccination, and green means the opposite. b, Significant correlation (Pearson correlation, P = 0.025, R = 0.4) between BCG efficacy, defined as the fold change of IFNγ between before and after vaccination with M. tuberculosis stimulation, and age shifts in CD8+ T cells. We define individuals with age rejuvenation as AR group and individuals with age acceleration as AA group. c, Enrichment analysis by using the genes which are marker genes and DEGs (compared between before (T0) and after (T3m) BCG vaccination, P < 0.05) in AR and AA groups. d, Dot plot of DEGs (adjusted P < 0.05), comparing before and after BCG vaccination at the whole transcriptome level in AR and AA groups, respectively. e, Pathway enrichment analysis of down-regulated genes after BCG vaccination compared with before BCG vaccination in the AR group. Pathways with Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted P < 0.05 are considered significant. f, Pathway enrichment analysis of up-regulated genes after BCG vaccination compared to before BCG vaccination in the AA group. Pathways with Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted P < 0.05 are considered significant. g, Unique gene regulatory network in the AR group. Targets are down-regulated after BCG vaccination. Diamonds refer to transcription factors, and circles refer to targets. The color of edges represents correlation between transcription factors and targets. Red means positive correlation, and blue means negative correlation. h, Unique gene regulatory network in the AA group. Targets are up-regulated after BCG vaccination. Diamonds refer to transcription factors, and circles refer to targets. The color of edges represents correlation between transcription factors and targets. Red means positive correlation, and blue means negative correlation. i, Schematic plot summarizing the age shifts and the involved biological processes in CD8+ T cells in AR group and AA group, respectively. Panels c–i were created using BioRender.com.
