Fig. 3: Proportion of persons receiving no care for ADL and IADL functional limitations among persons with dementia and functional limitations in the HRS, ELSA, SHARE and CHARLS, stratified by living arrangement (dementia sample, 2012–2018).
From: Absence of care among community-dwelling older adults with dementia and functional limitations
a, Care absence for ADL and/or IADL limitations (HRS, n = 2,704; ELSA, n = 1,035; SHARE, NA; CHARLS, n = 2,037). b, Absence of informal care for ADL and/or IADL limitations (HRS, n = 2,694; ELSA, n = 1,012; SHARE, NA; CHARLS, n = 2,037). c, Absence of formal care for ADL and/or IADL limitations (HRS, n = 2,686; ELSA, n = 1,011; SHARE, n = 5,120; CHARLS, n = 2,037). d, Care absence for ADL limitations (HRS, n = 2,027; ELSA, n = 865; SHARE, n = 1,843; CHARLS, n = 1,273). e, Absence of informal care for ADL limitations (HRS, n = 2,021; ELSA, n = 865; SHARE, n = 1,845; CHARLS, n = 338). f, Absence of formal care for ADL limitations (HRS, n = 2,004; ELSA, n = 865; SHARE, n = 3,759; CHARLS, n = 338). g, Care absence for IADL limitations (HRS, n = 2,190; ELSA, n = 656; SHARE, NA; CHARLS, n = 1,686). h, Absence of informal care for IADL limitations (HRS, n = 2,177; ELSA, n = 639; SHARE, NA; CHARLS, n = 501). i, Absence of formal care for IADL limitations (HRS, n = 2,177; ELSA, n = 638; SHARE, n = 3,876; CHARLS, n = 501). In a–i, data are presented as adjusted means ± 95% CIs. Vertical bars represent the estimated proportion of people receiving no care (a,d,g), no informal care (b,e,h) and no formal care (c,f,i) for people who were ‘living alone’ versus those who were ‘not living alone’, as estimated using the GEE model among the dementia sample. Error bars, 95% CIs. Estimates for certain measures in SHARE and CHARLS are unavailable due to lack of data (details provided in Supplementary Table 5). Corrections for multiplicity were not made. a–c include samples with at least one ADL or IADL limitation, d–f with at least one ADL limitation and g–i with at least one IADL limitation. Asterisks above each bar denote the significance of the group differences by living arrangement, directly tested in the GEE model: ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. Two-sided tests were performed, with detailed test statistics and P values provided in the Source Data.
