Extended Data Fig. 3: External validation of associations between proteomic organ aging clocks and diseases and mortality in the CKB and NHS.

a, Association of organ aging clocks with incident diseases and mortality in the full sample of the IHD case-cohort study in the CKB (n = 3,977; left panel) and in a subsample excluding enriched IHD patients (n = 2,029; right panel). Cox regression models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education, study region, smoking, and physical activity level. b, Association of organ aging clocks with incident diseases and mortality in the full sample of the colon cancer case-control study in the NHS (n = 774; left panel) and in a subsample of the control group (n = 387; right panel). Cox regression models were adjusted for age, ethnicity, neighborhood socioeconomic status, smoking, and physical activity level. c, Comparison of the association between organ aging clocks with incident diseases and death across cohorts. To account for potential bias from the case-control design, UKB (n = 43,616) estimates were compared with those from the control groups of the CKB (n = 2,029) and NHS (n = 387). Squares represent HRs, and error bars represent the corresponding 95% CIs. Detailed results are presented in Supplementary Tables 8, 9.