Fig. 1: Enriched ALA and EDA in BRD rescue cognition of AD mice.
a, Heat map of the concentrations of unsaturated free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (AA), γ-linolenic acid (GLA), EDA, linoleic acid (LA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and ALA in STD and BRD feed. Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m., n = 6 per group. b, Experimental schedule for administration of ALA and EDA (A-E) in APP/PS1 mice. Five-month-old APP/PS1 and age-matched control mice were treated with control vehicle (saline) or A-E for 45 consecutive days. Behavior tests were conducted when the mice were 8 or 11 months old. c, ALA and EDA attenuate memory declines in 8-month-old AD mice (8M). The latency (left, top) and the length (left, bottom) of swim path to reach a hidden platform during the training sessions and the representative heat maps (right, top) and the percentage (right, bottom) of time spent in searching of a hidden platform in targeting quadrant (quadrant 2) during the probe trial of the individual C57BL/6J (C57) control and APP/PS1 (PS1) mice at 8 months of age treated with saline vehicle (C57/Vehicle, PS1/Vehicle) or combination with ALA and EDA (C57/A-E, PS1/A-E). d, ALA and EDA protect against learning and memory declines in 11-month-old AD mice (11M). The latency (left, top) and the length (left, bottom) of swim path to reach a hidden platform during the training sessions and the representative heat maps (right, top) and the percentage (right, bottom) of time spent in searching of a hidden platform in targeting quadrant (quadrant 2) during the probe trial of the individual mice at 11 months of age. e, ALA and EDA improve the spatial work memory of PS1 mice in the novel arm Y-maze test. Plots showing the time (left) and entries (right) in novel arm in the individual mice at 8 months of age. f, The experimental schedule for administration of A-E in 5×FAD mice. g–i, ALA and EDA attenuate learning and memory declines in 5×FAD mice. g, The representative heat maps during the probe trials for administration of A-E in 5×FAD mice. h, The latency and the length of swim path to reach a hidden platform during the training sessions of the individual mice at 6 months of age. i, The percentage of time spent in searching of a hidden platform in targeting quadrant (quadrant 2) during the probe trial of the individual mice at 6 months of age. For c–i, data are presented as mean ± s.e.m., n = 11 mice per group. Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test was used for c, d, and h, and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test for e and i, and analysis of time in c and d. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001; NS, no significant difference. The exact P values are reported as source data.
