Extended Data Fig. 5: Renal clearance, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics of AuNC and nanoprobes.
a. Schematic illustration of renal clearance study, where AuNCs were intravenously (i.v). injected into C57BL/6 mice, and urine was collected within 24 h post-injection (p.i.). Created in BioRender. Fruk, L. (2026) https://BioRender.com/d8n1n72. Renally cleared AuNC content in the urine was measured using ICP–MS, plotted in (b) as % injected dose (I.D.) (n = 3 independent mice per group, mean ± s.e.m., exponential plateau fit). c. Schematic illustration of renal clearance study, where nanoprobes were i.v. injected into C57BL/6 mice, and urine was collected within 2 h p.i. Created in BioRender. Fruk, L. (2026) https://BioRender.com/ppgx0j8. Urine was analyzed using ICP–MS for Au content, plotted in (d), n = 3 independent mice for AuNC, n = 4 independent mice for nanoprobes, mean ± s.e.m, unpaired two-tailed t-test). Organs were harvested at 2 h and 15 days p.i. IVIS images of main organs of mice 2 h p.i. of AuNC (e) and of mice 2 h and 15 days p.i. of nanoprobes (f), with corresponding fluorescence emission quantifications for each organ plotted in (g) for AuNC and (h) for nanoprobes (n = 3 independent mice for AuNC, n = 4 independent mice for nanoprobes, mean ± s.e.m., ordinary one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons and two-way ANOVA with Šídák’s multiple comparisons, respectively). i. Pharmacokinetic study of NIR-labeled nanoprobes in C57BL/6 mice. The serum concentration of nanoprobe was fit to a nonlinear fit (n = 4 independent mice, mean ± s.e.m, one-phase decay).
