Extended Data Fig. 6: Colorimetric assays enabled sensitive detection of renally cleared AuNC in the urine.
a. Schematic of methods to detect the renally cleared AuNCs from mice. ICP-MS, peroxidase assay, and alloy formation assays were performed on the same urine samples to compare their performance in detecting AuNC. Created in BioRender. Fruk, L. (2026) https://BioRender.com/28w3bay. Correlation between the estimated AuNC contents measured in the urine by (b) peroxidase assay and (c) alloy formation assay versus total Au content measured by ICP-MS (n = 12 independent mice, one-tailed Pearson correlation). Solid lines indicate linear regression fits (least-squares fit; estimated mean relationship between variables), and dashed lines denote the 95% confidence intervals of the regression line. d. TEM images of renally cleared AuNCs and (e) their corresponding size distribution (n = 200 independent particles, Gaussian fit). Three independent experiments were performed yielding similar results). f. EDX spectra of the urine samples (white box area in (d)). Plot taken directly from the equipment. Three independent urine samples from n = 3 independent mice were analyzed with similar results. Scale bar = 20 or 50 nm as specified.
