Extended Data Fig. 2: Levels of c-BEEVs across cognitive impairment groups stratified by CDR score.

Participants with available CDR scores were grouped according to their CDR stage. Sample sizes for each group are provided in Supplementary Table 4. Box plots show the median (center line), the interquartile range (box, 25th-75th percentiles), and whiskers extending to 1.5 × the interquartile range. Each dot represents an individual subject. Statistical comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s correction. Abbreviations: CDR, clinical dementia rating; c-BEEVs, the percentage of CD31+ small extracellular vesicles among total small extracellular vesicles in the cerebrospinal fluid; AD, Alzheimer’s dementia; VCI, vascular cognitive impairment; MD, mixed dementia.