Fig. 2: Temporal divergence of psychiatric assessments trends in psychiatric disorders compared to controls.

The temporal trends of the PHQ-4 score and the neuroticism score were analyzed using a LOESS regression model on z-scores across time, both before and after the diagnosis of four psychiatric disorders. The number of participants included in the analysis for each disorder— anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia—was 27,216, 1325, 36,570, and 1478, respectively. Before being transformed using z-scores relative to controls, psychiatric assessments for psychiatric disorders were adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, educational years, the Townsend Deprivation Index, drinking status, and smoking status.