Fig. 5: Temporal divergence of blood-based biomarker trends in bipolar disorder compared to controls.

The temporal trends of blood-based markers that showed significant divergence from controls were presented. The details of the statistics of identified blood-based markers of bipolar disorder were provided in Supplementary Data 3. Each significant biomarker was analyzed using a LOESS regression model on z-scores across time, both before and after the diagnosis. Before being transformed using z-scores relative to controls, blood-based markers were adjusted for covariates. Then, biomarkers were grouped based on their similarity of trajectories, and bold lines represent the average temporal trend of each group. LOESS, locally estimated scatterplot smoothing.