Fig. 1: Overview of study design and participants cohort (nāā=āā98).

a The recruitment of participants and the workflow of whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) of plasma cfDNA. The library preparation method is based on a single-stranded library preparation technique. b Identification of age- and sex- associated CpGs on autosomes using the method of linear regression. The related genes are further analyzed based on the rank of the number of CpGs and the enriched pathways. c Sex difference analysis of methylation patterns on the X chromosome. d Tissue-of-origin analysis of cfDNA and exploration of the influences of age, sex, and individual variances. (Fig. 1 is created with Biorender.com).