Table 3 The association of serum biomarker, clinical, and demographic factors with cancer-associated cachexia stagea

From: Race-based differences in serum biomarkers for cancer-associated cachexia in a diverse cohort of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Characteristic

OR

95% CI

p-value

GDF-15 levelsb

  

0.0002

GDF-15 <Median

—

—

 

GDF-15 > Median

3.71

1.83, 7.68

 

TIMP-1 levelsb

  

0.4

TIMP-1 <Median

—

—

 

TIMP-1 > Median

1.38

0.70, 2.73

 

IL-6 levelsb

  

0.2

IL-6 <Median

—

—

 

IL-6 > Median

1.57

0.78, 3.19

 

Gender

  

0.2

Female

—

—

 

Male

1.51

0.80, 2.87

 

Tumor Stage

  

0.09

1/2

—

—

 

3/4

1.71

0.92, 3.21

 

BMI

  

0.2

normal

—

—

 

underweight

1.45

0.47, 4.57

 

overweight

0.71

0.33, 1.51

 

obese

0.49

0.20, 1.15

 

Race/Ethnicity

  

0.1

NHW

—

—

 

NHB

1.98

0.77, 5.16

 

H/L

2.32

1.01, 5.46

 

Diabetes

  

>0.9

no/no information

—

—

 

yes

1

0.51, 1.93

 

Age at Diagnosisc

  

0.3

<50

—

—

 

>=50

2

0.53, 7.52

 
  1. OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, NHW Non-Hispanic white, NHB Non-Hispanic black, H/L Hispanic/Latinx, BMI Body mass index.
  2. aOrdinal regression was performed using cachexia stage (based on the Vigano et al. classification) as the response variable and GDF-15, IL-6, race/ethnicity, age, sex, diabetes, BMI or tumor stage as predictor variables. P-values < 0.05 are in bold font and represent ordinal linear regression model with a one-sided hypothesis.
  3. bPatients were separated into two groups based on their analyte levels (via a median split).
  4. cPatients were dichotomized into two age groups according to age at diagnosis.
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