Fig. 6: Theoretical simulation of droplet generation and charging processes.

a Polarization and ionization of the dispersed phase in the electric field. b Acoustic field pressure model of the droplet generation process. c Electric charges density in the centerline of the microfluidic channel during droplet generation and positively charged. d Current density model of the droplet generation process. e Effect of dispersed-phase dielectric constant on droplet electric charges, the dielectric constant ranges from 80 to 60 in steps of 2. f Effect of continuous-phase dielectric constant on droplet electric charges, the dielectric constant ranges from 4.2 to 1.8 in steps of 0.2.