Fig. 1: Structural and chemical characterization of GS and GSt.

a Schematic illustration of the joule heating assisted interfacial solar steam generation device. b, c SEM images of GS at different magnifications. d, e SEM images of GSt at different magnifications. f High-resolution XPS spectra of S2p in GSt. The raw data are shown in black, the fitted curve in red, and the background in green. Deconvoluted peaks are represented at 164.35 eV (dark blue) and 162.4 eV (teal). g XRD pattern of GS and GSt. h Raman spectra of GS and GSt.