Fig. 4: Architectures relating to Phase Modulated schemes.
From: Sub-THz communication systems: pushing the capabilities of silicon
a A low-loss Binary Phase Shift Keying modulator at 196 GHz, reproduced with permission from Chen et al.54. b An 8-symbol Phase Shift Keying modulator using direct modulation and high-speed phase shifters, reproduced with permission from Nazari et al.55. c A diagram of the switched phase shifters for phase modulating the signal, reproduced with permission from Nazari et al.55. d Example transmit and receive antennas utilizing polarization orthogonality for Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output operation, reproduced from RodrÃguez-Vázquez et al.56. e Constellation visualization of strong and weak leakage from right- to left-handed circular polarization and vice versa. The main causes of the leakage are antenna cross-polarization and leakage inside the transmitter-receiver circuitry, reproduced from RodrÃguez-Vázquez et al.56.
