Fig. 3: Measurement of H₂O₂ and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treated phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) using bio-electrochemical sensors.

a Experimental setup for CAP treated PBS (blue) in a 24-well plate. All measurements were performed in 500 µL PBS. Nine data points are plotted (black, diamond) for each treatment time in (b, c, e), and four data points in (d), with the statistical mean (clear, squares), median (black, line in the center of box plot), interquartile ranges (box range: 25–75th percentile of data set), and outer legs of each box (lower 5th percentile and upper 95th percentile of data set) being showcased. Outliers appear above or below the outer legs. b, d Concentration values of H₂O₂ and voltage readings for ORP corresponding to no CAP treatment (0 s), suboptimal (5 s), optimal (10 s), and excessive (15 s) doses used in in vitro cell line studies. c, e Concentrations of H₂O₂ and voltage readings for ORP corresponding to no CAP treatment (0 s), suboptimal (60 s), optimal (180 s), and excessive (300 s) doses for in vivo wound studies. Statistical differences between 0 s and treatment groups are identified by: ns not significant; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. Exact p values can be found in supplemental data 1. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test was used.