Fig. 4: Association between psychological profiles and health and lifestyle factors in the BBHI and Medit-Ageing cohorts.

Raw data distributions of subjective sleep problems, loneliness, social network engagement and LIBRA scores by profile, with the white circles representing the estimated marginal means following adjustment for covariates (age, sex and years of education, and study group (for Medit-Ageing data)). The 95% confidence intervals are displayed as vertical black lines. Higher scores across all measures represent greater levels of subjective sleep problems and higher levels of loneliness; and higher social network and LIBRA scores indicate a larger social network and a greater dementia risk, respectively. Two-tailed linear regressions were performed to test for the effect of psychological profile group membership on subjective sleep problems (BBHI, N = 735, F_2,697 = 42.1, P < 0.001; Medit-Ageing, N = 277, F_2,270 = 15.4, P < 0.001), loneliness (BBHI, N = 703, F_2,697 = 76.0, P < 0.001; Medit-Ageing, N = 277, F_2,270 = 20.6, P < 0.001), social network engagement (BBHI, N = 738, F_2,697 = 41.1, P < 0.001) and LIBRA scores (BBHI, N = 704, F_2,698 = 15.7, P < 0.001). A significant main effect of psychological profile is represented by a bold horizontal line at the top of the graph, with pairwise differences displayed as thinner horizontal lines below. Precise P values for pairwise comparisons are reported in Supplementary Table 2. There were no corrections for multiple comparisons. Jenkins, Jenkins Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire; LIBRA, Lifestyle for BRAin health; LSNS, Lubben Social Network Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; UCLA, University of California Loneliness Scale; ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05.