Table 1 Demographic and lifestyle characteristics associated with treatment resistance among patients with PPD
From: Risk factors for treatment resistance among women with postpartum depression in a nationwide study
Variables | Non-TRPPD | TRPPD | RR (95% CI)b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 55,096) | (n = 3,522) | AR (%)a | Model 1 | Pc | Model 2 | Pc | |
Maternal age, y | |||||||
<20 | 849 (1.5) | 85 (2.4) | 9.1 | 1.52 (1.22–1.90) | <0.001* | 1.07 (0.85–1.36) | 0.743 |
20–24 | 6,962 (12.6) | 575 (16.3) | 7.6 | 1.27 (1.15–1.41) | <0.001* | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) | 0.145 |
25–29 | 16,391 (29.7) | 1,044 (29.6) | 6.0 | reference | reference | ||
30–34 | 18,577 (33.7) | 1,061 (30.1) | 5.4 | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 0.032* | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 0.494 |
35–39 | 9,925 (18.0) | 605 (17.2) | 5.7 | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 0.546 | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 0.931 |
≥40 | 2,392 (4.3) | 152 (4.3) | 6.0 | 1.00 (0.84–1.18) | 0.984 | 1.01 (0.85–1.20) | 0.941 |
Educational level, y | |||||||
>12 | 25,298 (45.9) | 1,296 (36.8) | 4.9 | reference | reference | ||
9–12 | 21,788 (39.5) | 1,454 (41.3) | 6.3 | 1.28 (1.19–1.38) | <0.001* | 1.24 (1.14–1.34) | <0.001* |
<9 | 6,921 (12.6) | 651 (18.5) | 8.6 | 1.76 (1.61–1.94) | <0.001* | 1.61 (1.45–1.79) | <0.001* |
Unknown | 1,089 (2.0) | 121 (3.4) | 10.0 | NA | NA | ||
Household income level | |||||||
Top 20% | 10,068 (18.3) | 489 (13.9) | 4.6 | reference | reference | ||
Middle | 34,318 (62.3) | 2,159 (61.3) | 5.9 | 1.28 (1.16–1.41) | <0.001* | 1.19 (1.07–1.31) | 0.002* |
Lowest 20% | 10,426 (18.9) | 842 (23.9) | 7.5 | 1.61 (1.44–1.80) | <0.001* | 1.35 (1.20–1.52) | <0.001* |
Unknown | 284 (0.5) | 32 (0.9) | 10.1 | NA | NA | ||
Civil status | |||||||
Cohabiting | 50,636 (91.9) | 3,103 (88.1) | 5.8 | reference | reference | ||
Non-cohabiting | 4,460 (8.1) | 419 (11.9) | 8.6 | 1.49 (1.34–1.65) | <0.001* | 1.27 (1.15–1.42) | <0.001* |
Calendar year at delivery | |||||||
2006–2010 | 14,341 (26.0) | 1,015 (28.8) | 6.6 | reference | reference | ||
2011–2015 | 17,074 (31.0) | 1,153 (32.7) | 6.3 | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) | 0.220 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.536 |
2016–2021 | 23,681 (43.0) | 1,354 (38.4) | 5.4 | 0.81 (0.74–0.88) | <0.001* | 0.85 (0.78–0.93) | <0.001* |
Maternal country of birth | |||||||
Sweden | 45,795 (83.1) | 2,809 (79.8) | 5.8 | reference | reference | ||
Europe | 3,237 (5.9) | 254 (7.2) | 7.3 | 1.26 (1.11–1.43) | 0.001* | 1.25 (1.09–1.42) | 0.003* |
Non-Europe | 6,064 (11.0) | 459 (13.0) | 7.0 | 1.22 (1.10–1.34) | <0.001* | 1.15 (1.04–1.28) | 0.015* |
Maternal residency in Sweden | |||||||
Southern | 12,068 (21.9) | 762 (21.6) | 5.9 | reference | reference | ||
Middle | 33,948 (61.6) | 2,082 (59.1) | 5.8 | 0.97 (0.90–1.06) | 0.621 | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 0.955 |
Northern | 9,080 (16.5) | 678 (19.3) | 6.9 | 1.17 (1.05–1.30) | 0.006* | 1.17 (1.05–1.29) | 0.008* |
Body mass index in early pregnancy, kg m−2 | |||||||
<18.5 | 1,254 (2.3) | 98 (2.8) | 7.2 | 1.25 (1.02–1.54) | 0.050 | 1.16 (0.95–1.42) | 0.288 |
18.5–<25 | 27,918 (50.7) | 1,713 (48.6) | 5.8 | reference | reference | ||
25–<30 | 13,719 (24.9) | 869 (24.7) | 6.0 | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 0.592 | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 0.941 |
30–<40 | 7,676 (13.9) | 539 (15.3) | 6.6 | 1.13 (1.03–1.25) | 0.019* | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 0.300 |
≥40 | 845 (1.5) | 60 (1.7) | 6.6 | 1.15 (0.89–1.48) | 0.424 | 1.05 (0.81–1.36) | 0.833 |
Unknown | 3,684 (6.7) | 243 (6.9) | 6.2 | NA | NA | ||
Smoking in early pregnancy | |||||||
No smoking | 47,360 (86.0) | 2,799 (79.5) | 5.6 | reference | reference | ||
1–9 cigarettes day−1 | 3,592 (6.5) | 379 (10.8) | 9.5 | 1.71 (1.54–1.90) | <0.001* | 1.45 (1.30–1.63) | <0.001* |
≥10 cigarettes day−1 | 1,168 (2.1) | 132 (3.7) | 10.2 | 1.82 (1.53–2.17) | <0.001* | 1.53 (1.28–1.84) | <0.001* |
Unknown | 2,976 (5.4) | 212 (6.0) | 6.6 | NA | NA | ||
Snus use in early pregnancy | |||||||
No | 51,919 (94.2) | 3,293 (93.5) | 6.0 | reference | reference | ||
Yes | 12,01 (2.2) | 92 (2.6) | 7.1 | 0.84 (0.68–1.03) | 0.154 | 0.91 (0.74–1.12) | 0.562 |
Unknown | 1,976 (3.6) | 137 (3.9) | 6.5 | NA | NA | ||
