Table 3 Pre-existing medical conditions associated with treatment resistance among patients with PPD

From: Risk factors for treatment resistance among women with postpartum depression in a nationwide study

Variables

Non-TRPPD

TRPPD

RR (95% CI)b

(n = 55,096)

(n = 3,522)

AR (%) a

Model 1

Pc

Model 2

Pc

Hypertension

 No

52,603 (95.5)

3,343 (94.9)

6.0

reference

 

reference

 

 Essential hypotension

434 (0.8)

31 (0.9)

6.7

1.12 (0.78–1.59)

0.640

1.12 (0.79–1.60)

0.721

 Pre-eclampsia

2,059 (3.7)

148 (4.2)

6.7

1.12 (0.95–1.32)

0.255

1.12 (0.95–1.32)

0.321

Diabetes

 No

53,469 (97.0)

3,421 (97.1)

6.0

reference

 

reference

 

 Gestational diabetes

1,131 (2.1)

80 (2.3)

6.6

1.10 (0.88–1.37)

0.541

1.09 (0.87–1.36)

0.636

 Pregestational diabetes

496 (0.9)

21 (0.6)

4.1

0.68 (0.44–1.04)

0.122

0.66 (0.43–1.01)

0.109

Charlson comorbidity index

 0

48,601 (88.2)

2,985 (84.8)

5.8

reference

 

reference

 

 1

5,320 (9.7)

431 (12.2)

7.5

1.30 (1.17–1.43)

<0.001*

1.28 (1.16–1.42)

<0.001*

 ≥2

1,175 (2.1)

106 (3.0)

8.3

1.43 (1.18–1.74)

0.001*

1.42 (1.17–1.73)

0.001*

Psychiatric disorder, any

 No

35,057 (63.6)

1,508 (42.8)

4.1

reference

 

reference

 

 Yes

20,039 (36.4)

2,014 (57.2)

9.1

2.21 (2.07–2.37)

<0.001*

2.21 (2.06–2.37)

<0.001*

Psychotic disorders

 No

54,755 (99.4)

3,186 (90.5)

5.5

reference

 

reference

 

 Yes

341 (0.6)

336 (9.5)

49.6

9.03 (8.07–10.1)

<0.001*

8.49 (7.58–9.52)

<0.001*

Sleep disorders

 No

54,426 (98.8)

3419 (97.1)

5.9

reference

 

reference

 

 Yes

670 (1.2)

103 (2.9)

13.3

2.25 (1.85–2.74)

<0.001*

2.11 (1.73–2.57)

<0.001*

Personality disorder

 No

53,480 (97.1)

3,280 (93.1)

5.8

reference

 

reference

 

 Yes

1,616 (2.9)

242 (6.9)

13.0

2.25 (1.98-2.57)

<0.001*

2.12 (1.85–2.42)

<0.001*

Developmental and/or neuropsychiatric disorders

 No

52,299 (94.9)

3,178 (90.2)

5.7

reference

 

reference

 

 Yes

2,797 (5.1)

344 (9.8)

11.0

1.91 (1.71–2.14)

<0.001*

1.77 (1.57–1.99)

<0.001*

Depressive disorder

 No

47,695 (86.6)

2,748 (78.0)

5.4

reference

 

reference

 

 Yes

7,401 (13.4)

774 (22.0)

9.5

1.74 (1.60–1.88)

<0.001*

1.72 (1.58–1.86)

<0.001*

Anxiety

 No

45,317 (82.3)

2,516 (71.4)

5.3

reference

 

reference

 

 Yes

9,779 (17.7)

1,006 (28.6)

9.3

1.77 (1.65–1.91)

<0.001*

1.76 (1.63–1.90)

<0.001*

Substance abuse

 No

51,135 (92.8)

3,067 (87.1)

5.7

reference

 

reference

 

 Yes

3,961 (7.2)

455 (12.9)

10.3

1.82 (1.65–2.01)

<0.001*

1.69 (1.53–1.87)

<0.001*

Stress-related disorders

 No

49,539 (89.9)

2,891 (82.1)

5.5

reference

 

reference

 

 Yes

5,557 (10.1)

631 (17.9)

10.2

1.85 (1.70–2.02)

<0.001*

1.77 (1.62–1.93)

<0.001*

Premenstrual disorder

 No

52,279 (94.9)

3,409 (96.8)

6.1

reference

 

reference

 

 Yes

2,817 (5.1)

113 (3.2)

3.9

0.63 (0.52–0.76)

<0.001*

0.71 (0.59–0.86)

0.001*

  1. aAbsolute risk of TRPPD = (number of TRPPD/total number of patients with PPD in this category) × 100%.
  2. bModel 1: estimates from Poisson regression, univariate analysis without adjustment. Model 2: estimates from Poisson regression, adjusted for age, educational level, calendar year, residential region, maternal country of birth, parity and multiple gestation, if applicable.
  3. cP values were corrected for multiple testing using Benjamini-Hochberg method.
  4. *P < 0.05.
Back to article page