Fig. 7: Marginal Contribution of VSP for three types of vehicles’ model.

a The marginal contribution of VSP for ICEV. b The marginal contribution of VSP for BEV. c The marginal contribution of VSP for PHEV.

a The marginal contribution of VSP for ICEV. b The marginal contribution of VSP for BEV. c The marginal contribution of VSP for PHEV.