Table 1 Exemplary consumer and producer choices of the Kaya identity factors for each of the three components representing behavioral heterogeneity

Contextual factors

Availability of electrical infrastructure allows replacing electric for diesel buses.

Availability of the HOT lane leads to less stop-and-go traffic and reduced energy intensity.

Reduction in vehicle use, driven by favorable weather and safe cycling infrastructure encouraging greater bicycle use, along with a well-developed public transport system.

Differences in personal ability to act

Ability to afford EV.

Better knowledge of environmental problems leading to enhanced use of more energy-efficient vehicles.

Physical fitness to enable more cycling.

Motivation to act

Dominance of biospheric values leading to the purchase of EV.

People w. dominant hedonic or egoistic values, choosing more energy-intensive vehicles.

People with stronger biospheric values are more likely to choose public transport.