Extended Data Fig. 7: Surface characterizations of superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces.

a, Contact angle measurements for a PET film. b, Contact angle measurements for a superhydrophilic PET film. c, Atomic force microscopic (AFM) image of a PET film. Scale bar 1 μm. d, AFM image of a superhydrophilic PET surface formed by a coating of silica nanoparticles. Scale bar 1 μm. e, The effect of reactive ion etching power on the contact angle of a superhydrophobic PET + PSA substrate. n = 3.