Extended Data Fig. 1: Area ratio dependent on pulse ID-VG behavior.

The area ratio (AR) is defined as the ferroelectric-to-dielectric area proportion. Pulse ID-VG curves measured from representative devices across a sweep width range from 50 µs to 100 ms for area ratios of: a, AR = 0.4; b, AR = 0.3; c, AR = 0.1; d, AR = 0.06; e, AR = 0.04; f, AR = 0.03.