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This study supports neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood as an early marker of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease but suggests that NfL in CSF may be better suited than blood for monitoring clinical trial outcomes in symptomatic patients.

Optical isolators, or optical diodes, allow electromagnetic radiation to travel in one direction but not the other. Here, the authors achieve unidirectional propagation of terahertz waves by taking advantage of the non-reciprocal nature of optical conductivity in magnetostatically biased graphene.

A multi-omics approach reveals host–microbiome interactions in aging in mice.

Combining behavioral data, electrophysiology and modeling, the authors show that the human brain synchronizes visual signals by adjusting axonal conduction speed in the retina, revealing a previously unknown mechanism for precise perceptual timing.

Deep learning has revolutionized image analysis, but applying it to voluminous and multimodal images can be challenging. The authors propose a neural network approach with a modality sampling strategy and an attention module for segmentation in fluorescence microscopy images.

The SPECULOOS project detected an Earth-sized planet in a short orbit around a nearby Jupiter-sized star. This planet, SPECULOOS-3 b, is one of the most promising rocky exoplanets for detailed emission spectroscopy characterization with JWST.

A genetic study identifies hundreds of loci associated with risk tolerance and risky behaviors, finds evidence of substantial shared genetic influences across these phenotypes, and implicates genes involved in neurotransmission.

Combining the infrared capabilities of JWST and synthetic tracking techniques, the detection of some of the smallest asteroids ever observed in the main belt is reported; their large abundance reveals a population driven by collisional cascade.

The authors show that plasma levels of NfL increase with age in humans and are associated with mortality in nonagenarians and centenarians. In mice, a life-extending dietary restriction manipulation attenuated the similar age-related increase in plasma NfL levels.

Mesalamine, the gold-standard ulcerative colitis treatment, rapidly decreases polyphosphate levels in bacterial members of the gut microbiome, sensitizing them towards oxidative stress and reducing colonization and persister cell and biofilm formation.

FOXO3 is one of the few established longevity genes. Here, the authors fine-map the FOXO3-longevity association to two intronic SNPs and, using luciferase assays and EMSAs, show that these SNPs affect binding of transcription factors CTCF and SRF and associate with FOXO3 expression.

Now in use for over a decade, video capsule endoscopy (VCE) has become an integral part of the management of gastrointestinal diseases. In this Review, Fisher and Hasler provide a timely update on the current status and progress of VCE, describing the devices currently in use, established indications and future developments for this technology.

Rovito et al. conduct deep immune profiling of hospitalized and unvaccinated individuals with persistent symptoms three months post COVID-19. They explore the role of SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia and peripheral inflammation in driving immune dysregulation, finding impaired responses in the humoral arm partially linked to RNAemia.

Gastroparesis is a prevalent condition that produces symptoms of delayed gastric emptying in the absence of physical blockage. Over the past 5 years, considerable advances have been made in understanding gastroparesis, and the number of treatment options has expanded. William Hasler thus provides a timely Review of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of this condition.

Animal hosts and their associated microbes are largely the outcome of coevolution. Here, the authors show differences in the intestinal microbiome of hybrids compared with pure species of house mice, which suggests that host–microbiome interactions contribute to the evolution of host species.

Boyman and colleagues perform phenotypic and B cell receptor sequencing analysis of memory B cell subsets in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-infected and subsequently vaccinated individuals up to 1 year post-infection to show that single memory B cell clones can adopt different trajectories.

Sequencing and deep analysis of mRNA and miRNA from lymphoblastoid cell lines of 462 individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project reveal widespread genetic variation affecting the regulation of most genes, with transcript structure and expression level variation being equally common but genetically largely independent, and the analyses point to putative causal variants for dozens of disease-associated loci.

Bacteria have been assumed to dominate organic matter decomposition in marine sediments. In flow-through reactor experiments, algae were revealed to be primarily responsible for anaerobically metabolizing organic matter in permeable sediments.

Stojanov et al. updated and internally validated a prediction model for the occurrence of post-operative shoulder stiffness following primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in Switzerland. Their findings support the development of further prediction models for an evidence-based and individualized decision-making in orthopedics.

Uhlmann et al. show that the preclinical phase of Alzheimer’s disease may in fact be a relatively late manifestation of a much earlier pathogenic and targetable process of seed formation and propagation.

Testicular germ cell tumors are highly heritable, and the authors present the largest genome association study, identifying 22 novel loci, which account for a third of those identified to date. Implicated pathways include male germ cell development and differentiation, and chromosomal segregation.

Andre Franke and colleagues perform a genome-wide association study for the gut microbiome, examining the influence of host genetics on overall microbial variation and individual taxa. They find significant associations at the VDR (vitamin D receptor) locus and observe correlations between microbiota and metabolites of VDR, including bile acids.

Dumping syndrome is a frequent complication of oesophageal and gastric surgery, as well as bariatric surgery; however, guidance on how to manage patients with this condition is lacking. In this Evidence-based guideline, the authors use a Delphi consensus process to develop uniform guidance for the definition, diagnosis and management of dumping syndrome.

Complex networks composed of interacting oscillators are frequently characterized by two features: adaptivity and cluster synchronization. Here the authors develop a framework to study the stability of patterns of synchronous solutions in a large class of plastic networks. Three examples illustrate the proposed method.

The Lake Malawi cichlid fishes are an example of extreme vertebrate radiation; however, there is very little sequence divergence among the species. Here the authors present a comparative genome-wide methylome study to suggest DNA methylation played a major role in the extensive phenotypic diversity amongst these fishes.

RNA sequencing of 465 human lymphoblastoid cell lines across seven European laboratories shows the feasibility of transcriptome sequencing for population-wide and cross-biobank studies.

Targeting genes to specific cell types is valuable for basic science and gene therapy. The authors describe a collection of AAVs containing synthetic promoters targeting a broad range of neuronal cell types in mice, non-human primates and humans.

Robbiani and colleagues show that antibodies against specific chemokines are detected in COVID-19 convalescents and may modulate the inflammatory response and disease outcome.

A programme developed across five UK universities aims to equip graduate professionals with the skills, tools and capabilities to better understand and manage food-system complexity for food security, for the environment and for enterprise.