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This study introduces a sediment-based method to reconstruct Antarctic fast-ice change during the late Holocene, revealing cyclic patterns linked to solar variability and offering insight into long-term cryosphere climate dynamics.

The Southern Ocean is critically important for global climate yet poorly represented by climate models. Here the authors trace sea surface temperature biases in this region to cloud-related errors in atmospheric-model simulated surface heat fluxes and provide a pathway to improve the models.

The εNd record from the IODP Exp. 359 Site U1467 in the northern Indian Ocean, along with climate modeling, reveals a two-step weakening of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) wind since 12 Ma. The SASM evolution was mainly caused by interhemispheric ice-sheet growth since the Middle Miocene.

The response of tropical precipitation to warming is key for understanding global weather and climate variability. Here the authors use model simulations to show that regional scale circulation shapes the spatial pattern of the tropical Pacific precipitation response to CO₂.

The CO mixing ratio in Mars’s atmosphere increases towards the poles because of downward transport of CO from the upper atmosphere, according to an analysis of data from the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter.

The response of the South Asian summer monsoon to climate change remains uncertain. Here, the authors combine observational datasets and model simulations and show that a warming Indian Ocean and weakened land-sea thermal gradient lead to significant rainfall weakening over the central Indian subcontinent.

A climatic record from desert speleothems shows that the central Arabian interior experienced recurrent humid intervals over the past 8 million years, which likely facilitated mammalian dispersals between Africa and Eurasia.

Accurate projections of heating and cooling needs are vital for planning energy use and achieving the sustainable development goals. A global dataset now maps global heating and cooling degree days, finding future hotspots, rising cooling demand and early shifts in energy needs with major global impacts.

The width of the tropical belt affects the subtropical dry zones and has expanded since 1980. Analyses of observations and climate–chemistry model simulations suggest that the northern tropical edge retracted between 1945 and 1980.

Projected impacts of climate change on malaria burden in Africa by 2050 highlight the urgent need for climate-resilient malaria control strategies and robust emergency response systems to safeguard progress towards malaria eradication.

Warming is altering subtropical precipitation; however, it is not clear whether this will continue in an equilibrium climate. Using projections to 2300, Southern Hemisphere drying is shown to be a transient response to the meridional temperature gradient changes.

This study shows that long-term climate change systematically alters small-scale wind variability and its vertical velocity, influencing cloud microphysics and the Earth’s radiative balance.

Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.

High ozone and low water structures in the tropical western Pacific are commonly attributed to transport from the stratosphere or mid-latitudes. Here, Anderson et al. show these structures actually result from ozone production in biomass burning plumes and large-scale descent of air within the tropics.

Storms cool the Southern Ocean surface in summer mainly by deepening the mixed layer, but increased air–sea turbulent fluxes reduce ocean heat loss and partly offset the cooling, according to glider observations, reanalyses and satellite data.

In contrast to future projections, paleoclimate records often find wetter subtropics in tandem with elevated CO₂. Here, a compilation of proxies and simulations are used to reveal the climate dynamics and feedbacks responsible for generating wet subtropics during the mid-Pliocene.

ENSO teleconnections are usually assumed to be stationary. Here the authors show that volcanic eruptions disrupt ENSO teleconnections with land summer temperatures, with crucial implications for Earth System Models and paleoclimate reconstructions.

Ensemble forecasts from a dynamical model suggest that fluctuations in atmospheric angular momentum and the length of day can be predicted over a year in advance, thereby providing a source of long-range climate predictability.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

The Azores High over the North Atlantic has expanded due to anthropogenic climate change, disrupting precipitation patterns in western Europe, according to climate modelling and precipitation proxy records spanning the past millennium.

Simulations reproduce previously unexplained features of Titan’s methane cycle, attributing them to atmospheric instabilities and cold-trapping of methane in the polar regions.

Wind speeds have reduced globally over land since the 1980s. In situ data show that this reversed around 2010, with natural ocean–atmosphere variability thought to drive the wind speed changes, as well as a 17% increase in potential wind energy for 2010–2017 and a boosted wind power capacity factor.

How the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) changes has strong effects on tropical regions. Here the authors show that while the ITCZ moves northwards over the first one to two decades of CO₂ emissions, the long-term migration is southward, linked to delayed surface warming in the Southern Ocean.

The influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation on Atlantic marine systems and fisheries is complex. This Review outlines the mechanisms by which El Niño–Southern Oscillation impacts the tropical and South Atlantic, connecting physical climate perturbations to biogeochemical and ecological responses.

High near-surface nitrogen-fixation rates that promoted the recent growth of the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt were tied to greater upwelling of phosphorus from the equatorial Atlantic, according to coral-bound nitrogen isotope records from the Caribbean.

Trends in global H₂ sources and sinks are analysed from 1990 to 2020, and a comprehensive budget for the decade 2010–2020 is presented.

The onset of modern central Asian atmospheric circulation is often linked to the interplay of late Cenozoic paleogeographic changes and global cooling. Here the authors present sedimentary provenance data from early Cenozoic dust deposits, which indicate long-term stability of the central Asian high pressure system.

Global mean temperatures during the Pliocene epoch were warmer than at present, with a shallow meridional temperature gradient. Numerical simulations suggest that since the Pliocene, the meridional and zonal temperature gradients have varied in tandem.

Persistent atmospheric ridging in the North Pacific steered storms away and led to the California drought of 2012-16. Here the authors use simulations to show that sea-ice changes trigger reorganization of tropical convection resulting in drying over California.

This study shows that subsurface ocean variability, and particularly changes in the 26 °C isothermal depth, has significant impacts on tropical cyclogenesis by altering upper ocean heat content and inducing sea surface temperature anomalies.

Air pollution does not impair neighbour-induced defence against herbivory in Scots pine seedlings, but it affects photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and volatile organic compound emission, shown at the Free-Air Diesel and Ozone Enrichment platform.

A major question in fisheries science is how fish will respond to climatic warming. Research shows that future distributions of commercially important fish species in the North Sea will be overwhelmingly constrained by non-thermal habitat variables.

There is no consensus on a potential primary cause of spatio-temporal biodiversity patterns. Here the authors combine a macroecological model and global climate simulations to suggest that niche-environment interaction may have driven marine biodiversity trajectory during the Phanerozoic.

A combination of theory, reanalysis and model simulations suggests that tropospheric temperature and cloud cover are strongly influenced by vapour buoyancy, an effect currently neglected in some leading global climate models.

An analysis indicates that the warm, powerful currents that flow along the western edges of ocean basins warmed more than twice as quickly than the global ocean as a whole over the past century. This enhanced warming could have important effects on climate because these currents affect the air–sea exchange of heat, moisture and carbon dioxide.

The response of monsoons to climate change remains uncertain. Here, the authors show that the Australian Summer Monsoon was primarily driven by insolation forcing but exhibited high sensitivity to ice volume and pCO₂ after ~0.95 Ma. By contrast, wind-driven winter productivity tracked glacial-interglacial variability over the past 1.6 Myr.

Atmospheric circulation shifts during the Little Ice Age led to greater typhoon generation in the tropical North Pacific according to a comparison of sediment proxy records of past storm activity and outputs of general circulation models.

Over 60 years of hydrographic data from southeast of Bermuda show the temporal variability of North Atlantic subtropical mode water. Between 2010 and 2018, there was an 86–93% loss of thickness, suggesting weaker production of mode water that is expected to continue with warming.

Low-latitude planktonic foraminifera are coping with rapid ocean warming, acidification and nutrient shifts by migrating to deeper water-column depths or polewards, displacing higher-latitude species and reducing low-latitude diversity, ultimately being unable to adapt fast enough to survive in situ.

Analysis of tide gauge observations shows that, in contrast to the current assumption of stationary storm surge extremes in Europe, the surge contribution to changes in extreme sea levels since 1960 is similar to that of sea-level rise, influencing future coastal planning.

Large volcanic eruptions in the first half of the nineteenth century blurred the transition from the Little Ice Age to anthropogenic warming, and led to sustained cooling, drought in Africa and weakened monsoons, suggests a combination of observations and model simulations.