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The presence of dynamic ice sheets during Snowball Earth glaciations is controversial. Geological evidence and ice sheet modelling suggest that ice sheets may have responded to orbital forcing when $p_{{\text{CO}}_2}$ reached a certain threshold.

The commercial carbon dioxide removal ecosystem is growing rapidly, but the supporting talent pipeline remains underdeveloped. Universities will have a key role in training the workforce for this expanding sector.

High-order harmonic generation is a nonlinear optical process that enables the creation of light pulses at frequencies much higher than that from a seed laser. The host medium for this interaction is typically a gas. Now, the process has been observed in a bulk crystalline solid with important implications for attosecond science.

Systematically understanding the sequence determinants to substrate specificity for enzymes has implications in areas from evolutionary biology to biocatalysis. Here, Whitehead and colleagues generate and analyse near-comprehensive single-mutation fitness landscapes for an amidase with three different substrates.

Heating due to optical losses in metal nanoparticles, which is usually an unwanted side effect, is harnessed to realize low-power opto-thermoelectric nanotweezers.

A subset of renal cell carcinomas have uncertain histology and are aggressive in nature. Here, the authors examine this group of unclassified renal cancers using genomics techniques and identify further subclasses of the tumours that have differing prognoses.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate gene expression by association with chromatin. Here, the authors show that lncRNA MEG3regulates the TGF-β pathway by bridging the interactions between polycomb repressive complex 2 and the distal regulatory elements of the TGF-β pathway genes via formation of RNA–DNA triplexes.

The fossil record of flowers is limited, necessitating other approaches to understanding floral evolution. Here, Sauquet and colleagues reconstruct the characteristics and diversification of ancient angiosperm flowers by combining models of flower evolution with an extensive database of extant floral traits.

Tumour cells disseminated from the primary tumour can remain dormant for years before initiating metastases. Here Sosa et al.show that the orphan nuclear receptor NR2F1 can be induced by bone marrow cues and by epigenetic drugs to promote quiescence and tumour cell dormancy in several cancer types.

Tumor-infiltrating T cells are known to encounter chronic antigens and hypoxia, which results in exhaustion and dysfunction. New data show that lactate fermentation, a characteristic of solid tumors, promotes the uptake of lactate into T cells via the monocarboxylate transporter MCT11, which reduces the metabolic fitness and anti-tumor function of these cells, an effect that might be targeted by immunotherapy.

It is unclear what regulates the fate of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in arterial repair following injury. Here, the authors show that MSC differentiation following injury is triggered by RhoA which in turn stimulates the release of connective tissue growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor.

Health-care systems are rolling out artificial-intelligence tools for diagnosis and monitoring. But how reliable are the models?

Perszyk et al. identify the neural basis for odour-imagery ability and show that it indirectly predicts weight-gain susceptibility through a mechanism that is dependent on food-cue reactivity.

Stacking and twisting two-dimensional materials has led to the observation of a variety of electronic phenomena. Now, magnetic behaviour that is distinct from anything seen in individual layers is induced by a moiré pattern in double bilayer chromium triiodide.

Ethnic and racial diversity are extremely low among United States citizens and permanent residents who earned doctorates in earth, atmospheric and ocean sciences. Worse, there has been little to no improvement over the past four decades.

A single-cell atlas of human fetal bone marrow in healthy fetuses and fetuses with Down syndrome provides insight into developmental haematopoiesis in humans and the transcription and functional differences that occur in Down syndrome.

In shared decision-making (SDM), patients and providers work together to determine the best course of action based on the current evidence and the patient’s own preferences. Tools such as decision aids can support SDM for complex decisions, but these decision aids are also associated with barriers to SDM implementation, including patient, provider and systematic challenges. In this Review, the authors discuss opportunities for and limitations of SDM in urology and female pelvic medicine and reconstruction, as well as decision aids available in the field.

A study examining how cities can foster well-being and positive mental health in young residents synthesizes opinions from researchers, practitioners, advocates and young people, highlighting factors that policymakers and urban planners should consider.

Empirically based models of disease progression in familial frontotemporal dementia reveal the relative ordering of clinical, neuroimaging, and fluid biomarker changes and facilitate novel clinical trial designs

Undergraduate research programs improve career outcomes for historically marginalized students in the US, but low retention rates in postgraduate research persist. As graduate students and postdocs, we present a combination of trainee-informed approaches for tailoring summer research programs to these students’ needs and share key materials to facilitate adoption of these approaches at other institutions.

Identification and characterization, using a comprehensive embryonic phenotyping pipeline, of 410 lethal alleles during the generation of the first 1,751 of 5,000 unique gene knockouts produced by the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium.

This panel dataset of COVID-19 vaccine policies for 185 countries reports on variation in vaccination prioritization plans, eligibility and availability, cost to the individual and mandatory vaccination policies.

Authors of some of the most highly cited Nature Biotechnology nonbiomedical papers from the past 20 years discuss their work and challenges for their fields.

Isoform B of the chromatin-binding protein Brd4 acts to suppress DNA damage response signalling.

Genomics and metabolomics are widely used to explore specialized metabolite diversity. The Paired Omics Data Platform is a community initiative to systematically document links between metabolome and (meta)genome data, aiding identification of natural product biosynthetic origins and metabolite structures.

Meningeal lymphatic dysfunction promotes amyloid-β deposition in the meninges and worsens brain amyloid-β pathology, acting as an aggravating factor in Alzheimer’s disease and in age-associated cognitive decline; improving meningeal lymphatic function could help to prevent or delay age-associated neurological diseases.

Scientists are merging their life’s passions with their academic studies, and coming up with new fields in the process.

There is a huge global market, and exciting tools are ready to help develop what women want.