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Although the Martian landscape presents evidence of wind erosion, sand-moving winds on Mars were thought to be rare due to the thin atmosphere. Here, the authors show that sand transport occurs daily and that the resulting sand flux varies seasonally.

A subset of pediatric gliomas harbour alterations in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-family proteins. Here, the authors characterise the genomic landscape of 11,635 gliomas across ages and use isogenic model systems to explore the underlying biology of FGFR1-altered gliomas and potential therapeutic vulnerabilities.

What is the state of trust in scientists around the world? To answer this question, the authors surveyed 71,922 respondents in 68 countries and found that trust in scientists is moderately high.

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has subvariants with divergent properties but relative vaccine effectiveness has not been characterized. Here, the authors show that mRNA vaccine effectiveness is similar for the subvariants BA.1 and BA.2, with a decline three months after the second dose and increase after the booster.

Literature produced inconsistent findings regarding the links between extreme weather events and climate policy support across regions, populations and events. This global study offers a holistic assessment of these relationships and highlights the role of subjective attribution.

Stereotactic needle biopsies are currently performed for diagnosis only in glioblastoma; this study highlights the depth of information available through multi-omics analysis.

A matched test-negative, case-control study using real-world data from a predominantly working-age population demonstrates efficacy of the mRNA-1273 vaccine to be 100% and 96.4% against the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) and B.1.351 (Beta) SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, respectively.

mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective at preventing severe outcomes and death caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) in Qatar despite substantially lower effectiveness at blocking infection.

Two distinct patterns in the protective effect of natural infection against reinfection in the Omicron variant versus pre-Omicron eras show that SARS-CoV-2 immune protection is shaped by dynamic interaction between host immunity and viral evolution.

VIP interneurons have been shown to disinhibit pyramidal neurons by inhibiting other interneuron types. Here, the authors report that ChAT-VIP subtype of interneurons directly excite pyramidal neurons in multiple layers via fast cholinergic neurotransmission.

The level of immunity induced by infection with different SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-lineages against infection with other sub-lineages is not known. Here, the authors use data from Qatar and show that infection with BA.1 induces strong protection against infection with BA.2, and vice versa, for several weeks.

Age-related osteoporosis is known to be dependent on TGFβ1 signalling. Here the authors show that a subset of neutrophils (identified by TGFβ1⁺CCR5⁺) increase during aging in mouse bone marrow resulting in bone loss, while a CCR5 antagonist can reduce the neutrophil numbers and increase bone mass in aged mice.

The role of IgG glycosylation in the immune response has been studied, but less is known about IgM glycosylation. Here the authors characterize glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 spike specific IgM and show that it correlates with COVID-19 severity and affects complement deposition.

Derailed differentiation of human-specific progenitors of the developing cerebellar rhombic lip is the cause of group 4 medulloblastoma, the most common childhood brain tumour. 

Radioresistance remains a challenge in the treatment of bladder cancer. In this study, the authors show in mice that radiation increases deposits of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) via a TLR4-dependent mechanism and that NETs-targeting strategies can improve the response to radiotherapy.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus have an increased burden of cardiovascular disease, which is incompletely explained by traditional risk factors. Circulating levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor are increased in these patients, which, together with other evidence, has lead to this cytokine being considered as a possible link between these inflammatory diseases and atherosclerosis.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports the observation of the electroweak production of two jets and a Z-boson pair. This process is related to vector-boson scattering and allows the nature of electroweak symmetry breaking to be probed.

SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals and reinfections in those with prior infection are a public health concern. Here, the authors show that viral loads of vaccine breakthrough infections and reinfections are generally lower than primary infections of unvaccinated individuals, potentially indicating lower infectiousness.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports a measurement of the ratio of the decay rates of W bosons to τ leptons and muons, in agreement with universal lepton couplings as postulated in the standard model of particle physics.

Ten years after the discovery of the Higgs boson, the ATLAS  experiment at CERN probes its kinematic properties with a significantly larger dataset from 2015–2018 and provides further insights on its interaction with other known particles.

The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider reports a search for charged-lepton-flavour violation in decays of Z bosons into a τ lepton and an electron or muon of opposite charge.

Increased inflammation during ageing promotes osteoporosis by activating osteoclast function and inhibiting osteoblasts. Here, the authors show that TGFβ1 release from bone matrix during ageing induces degradation of TRAF3 in mesenchymal progenitor cells, leading to reduced osteoblast differentiation and increased osteoclast formation, and suggesting that pharmacological stabilization of TRAF3 could ameliorate age-related osteoporosis.

Quantum electrodynamics predicts a rare process in which light is scattered by light. The ATLAS Collaboration reports signs of this elusive effect in the collisions of ultra-relativistic lead ions.

Many extracellular receptors are organized into complexes that may have functional implications. A combination of snap-tag protein labeling technology with time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) provides a method for the systematic analysis of higher-order protein-protein interactions on the surface of living cells.

A workflow combining optogenetic perturbations with spatial transcriptomics to program spatiotemporal gene expression patterns in organoids.

Satellite images of a Martian dune field reveal unexpectedly high sand fluxes, suggesting rates of landscape modification similar to those on Earth.

Modelling herpes simplex virus infection in brain organoids reveals that combined antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatment prevents neuronal damage caused by viral infection.

Openshaw and colleagues find myeloid inflammation and complement activation signatures in patients with long COVID who were previously hospitalized.

The cancer-associated D2723H mutation causes mislocalization of BRCA2 to the cytoplasm. New work shows that this mutation disrupts the interaction of BRCA2 with DSS1, unmasking a BRCA2 nuclear export signal within the DSS1 binding domain. This impairs nuclear retention of BRCA2 and, consequently, RAD51, suggesting that the intracellular localization of these factors may control their function in maintaining genome integrity.