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A scientific foundation is required to establish nations’ responsibilities in a hotter ‘overshoot’ world.

To mark the tenth anniversary of the Paris Agreement, Nature Climate Change asked experts to reflect on the progress of and barriers to several of its key Articles. They share their thoughts on important policy implications, what has been achieved and missed, as well as future directions.

GRX-810, an oxide dispersion strengthened alloy, shows excellent structural performance above 1100°C and stability up to 1300 °C. Grain-size effects, additive manufacturing–induced anisotropy, and fine trigonal Y₂O₃ particles enhance creep resistance.

Detecting FGFR3-mutant muscle-invasive and metastatic urothelial cancers (MIBC/mUC) for targeted therapy remains challenging, but clinically important. Here, the authors develop a deep-learning model to detect FGFR3 mutations in MIBC/mUC from routine histopathology slides, allowing for highly sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective pre-screening.

FIORA, an advanced graph neural network, enhances the simulation of tandem mass spectra by learning molecular bond-breaking patterns. The open-source algorithm generates high-quality reference spectra for compound identification in metabolomics.

Infection studies on highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 on calves and lactating cows indicate that transmission occurs primarily via milk and milking procedures rather than respiratory routes.

Aberrant redox homeostasis links lipid metabolism and cell death programs. Here, authors reveal how cell stress reduces growth factor signaling, enriching polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids and sensitizing membranes to oxidative damage.

Explanatory interactive machine learning methods have been developed to facilitate the learning process between the machine and the user. Friedrich et al. provide a unification of various explanatory interactive machine learning methods into a single typology, and present benchmarks for evaluating such methods.

Here, the authors introduce Future-Guided Learning, a predictive-feedback approach combining detection and forecasting models to dynamically adjust to long-term dependencies and distribution shifts in forecasting tasks.

Small molecule machine learning aims to predict properties from molecular structures. Here, the authors introduce the myopic MCES distance and show that frequently used datasets fail to uniformly cover biomolecular structures, limiting resulting models.

The death of massive stars has traditionally been discovered by explosive events in the gamma-ray band. Liu et al. show that the sensitive wide-field monitor on board Einstein Probe can reveal a weak soft-X-ray signal much earlier than gamma rays.

Data leakage undermines the reliability of machine learning model evaluations, particularly in biological data. Here, they present a data splitting approach that minimizes information leakage and enables more accurate assessment of model performance on out-of-distribution data.

Exploring strong-field laser interaction requires pulses that are both energetic and short. Here, the authors demonstrate a mid-IR soliton-like pulse compression in a mm-long YAG crystal, reaching the multi-millijoule energy range and showing pulse filamentation in atmospheric air.

Navigation relies on detecting left versus right body asymmetries for gaze and course stability. A central three-layer optic flow-sensitive network with competitive lateral disinhibition extracts asymmetries from complex motion patterns.

The selective hydrogenation of trace acetylene to ethylene is a well-established process for purifying fossil-derived ethylene streams. Here, the authors present a self-repairing Pd-C laterally condensed catalyst that improves selectivity, prevents sub-surface hydride formation, and achieves high ethylene productivity, effectively bridging the gap between powder catalysts and single-crystal model catalysts.

Cation–anion exchange between dimers to prepare mixed aggregates with Mg–Ae (alkaline earth) bonding (Ae = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) is reported. Considerable electron transfer from the (BDI)Mgˉ anion (BDI, β-diketiminate) to Ae and Na atoms is observed, and the reactivity of these electron-rich complexes with Na–Mg–Ae bonding is discussed.

Following the building principles of crown ethers for cation encapsulation, inverse crowns are rings of metals that bind anions. Now a redox-active inverse crown ether featuring Na⁺ cations and Mg⁰ has been shown to reduce epoxides, N₂O, S₈ or O₂ by combining anion complexation by the ring of metal cations with the reducing power of Mg⁰.

Tumor-associated neutrophils exhibit heterogeneity in breast cancer. Here, the authors identify a distinct precursor population (PreNeu) in estrogen receptor-positive tumors. PreNeu suppress homologous recombination in cancer cells, promoting error-prone DNA repair and enhancing sensitivity to PARP inhibitors.

Fatty acid unsaturation by stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) protects against cellular stress through unclear mechanisms. Here the authors show 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1’-myo-inositol) is an SCD1-derived signaling lipid that regulates stress-adaption, protects against cell death and promotes proliferation.

Past genome-wide associate studies have identified hundreds of genetic loci that influence body size and shape when examined one trait at a time. Here, Jeff and colleagues develop an aggregate score of various body traits, and use meta-analysis to find new loci linked to body shape.

The inference procedure for analysing a visual scene presents a computational challenge. Renner, Supic and colleagues develop a neural network model, the hierarchical resonator, to determine the generative factors of variation of objects in simple scenes. The resonator was implemented on neuromorphic hardware, using a spike-timing code for complex numbers.

Ultra-high-energy gamma-ray emission from the microquasar V4641 Sagittarii is reported, suggesting that large-scale jets from microquasars could be more common than previously thought and also could be a notable source of galactic cosmic rays.

Each route to graduation is an individual journey. Friedrich M. Götz, a PhD student in Psychology, argues that there are no ready-made recipes or silver bullets for success. While publications are important, the stress of producing them should not overshadow the joys of the journey.

Using experimental communities of grassland species, this study shows that drought-exposure history can accelerate recovery from subsequent drought through increased niche complementarity between species. This transgenerational effect may enhance the sustainability of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in a future with more frequent droughts.

Evidence is growing on the impacts of climate change on human and natural systems. A two-step attribution approach—machine-learning-assisted literature review coupled with grid-cell-level temperature and precipitation—allows comprehensive mapping of the evidence on impacts and tentative attribution to anthropogenic influence.

Selection of COVID-19 mitigation measures requires balancing health outcomes with economic impacts. Here, the authors derive a system to set triggers for increasing mitigation measures to preserve healthcare capacity, and describe how it has been used to support public health decision making in Austin, Texas.

Even a few electrons confined to a tight space and time interval interact strongly, often causing issues for applications. The resulting repulsion has now been shown to allow strong electron–electron correlations, enabling shot-noise reduction.

Elemental iron turns alkaline-earth metal complexes into highly active catalysts for the hydrogenation of alkenes, alkynes, imines and arenes. The proposed mechanism combines homogeneous catalysis by a soluble main group metal hydride complex with heterogeneous catalysis at the iron surface.

Multi-parameter metrology requires collective measurements on more than one copy of the same quantum state. Now, an optimal scheme for the estimation of qubit rotations has been demonstrated on superconducting and trapped-ion platforms.

A particle shower detected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the very high energy of the Glashow resonance demonstrates its potential for the study of high-energy particle physics and astrophysics.

Tracking analyses of tens of thousands of individual chromatophores in freely behaving cephalopods enable studies of behaviour and development at cellular resolution.

Quantum supremacy is demonstrated using a programmable superconducting processor known as Sycamore, taking approximately 200 seconds to sample one instance of a quantum circuit a million times, which would take a state-of-the-art supercomputer around ten thousand years to compute.

Observations of the radio galaxy Centaurus A at teraelectronvolt energies resolve its large-scale jet and favour electron synchrotron processes as the source of its X-ray emission.

Here the authors identify 33 individuals with a dominant neurodevelopmental disorder due to heterozygous missense or loss-of-function variants in the gene encoding Densin-180, a scaffold protein present at postsynaptic sites in neurons of the central nervous system.

Active rotating particles were shown to undergo a phase separation through numerical simulations. Here the authors provide an experimental realization of this phenomenon by presenting an ensemble of 3D-printed robots that rotate in different directions and interact with each other.