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Alzheimer’s disease-related pathology selectively disrupts those excitatory and inhibitory synapses most coupled to ongoing network activity. At the molecular level, parvalbumin interneurons show earliest signatures of abnormal synaptic processing.

Photoluminescence from plasmonic nanostructures exhibits diverse wavelength dependent nonlinear behaviors with debated origins. Here, authors use plasmonic gap mode resonators with precise nanoscale confinement to show this nonlinear emission can become dominated by non-Fermi carrier contributions.

Non-classical correlations between two photons in the near-field regime give rise to entanglement in their total angular momentum, leading to a completely different structure of quantum correlations of photon pairs.

Photoactive and semiconducting metal-organic frameworks are desirable for electrical and photoelectrical devices, but remain rare. Here Demets and co-workers design a naphthalene diimide and cobalt based MOF with anisotropic electrical semiconductivity and a high responsivity of 2.5 × 10⁵ A W⁻¹.

Many babies have now been born to mothers who were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 during their pregnancy. Here the authors look at the effect of this exposure on the immunology of human neonates, showing immune changes and increased neonatal cytokine responses despite limited evidence of vertical transmission.

Climate change may have less negative impact on terrestrial ecosystem productivity as vegetation growth adapts to climatic warming, increasing optimal temperature from 1982 to 2016, according to evidence from satellite-derived ecosystem productivity, climate variables, and ecosystem simulations.

Frequency combs correspond to optical spectra composed of a succession of equally spaced lines that can be used in numerous fields such as high-precision spectroscopy. The authors report a new way of converting frequency combs in the mid-infrared region, which has potential applications in molecular spectroscopy and gas sensing.

Bacterial infections and sepsis are a major cause of mortality in preterm babies. Here Das and colleagues assess the paediatric immune response to bacterial infection in very preterm babies and identify blood immune markers that could improve accuracy of diagnostics to rule-out sepsis and guide antibiotic treatment.

Davies et al. show that skin PD-1⁺Vδ1⁺ cells show a transcriptional program of tissue residence and self-renewal, are functionally distinct from colocalized PD-1⁺CD8⁺ T cells and retain effector function that is derepressed by checkpoint blockade.

Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (ecDNAs) are prevalent in human cancers and are thought to drive tumor evolution and drug resistance by amplifying oncogenes. Here, authors develop ec3D to reconstruct three-dimensional ecDNA structures, revealing how their spatial organization rewires regulatory circuits.

A near-field imaging approach based on nonlinear wave mixing that can provide a detailed picture of evanescent waves in real time and with a single shot is demonstrated. Using only standard optical components, this approach will make near-field imaging much more affordable and accessible.

Zhou, Jay et al. report that in mantle cell lymphoma and T cell leukaemia, lineage-determining transcription factors share a mechanism to regulate how multiple enhancers control oncogene expression through topological conformation and interaction.

It is known that spatially localized interactions can give rise to self-organized collective motion. Here, by studying pairwise interactions in juvenile zebrafish, authors reveal the role of reciprocal temporal coupling and find that temporal coordination considerably improves spatial responsiveness, such as reacting to changes in the direction of motion of a partner.

Optical parametric amplification is a process that amplifies the power of laser pulses. Here, Schmidt and colleagues demonstrate that performing this amplification in the frequency domain rather than the optical domain could lead to higher power outputs.

By folding large spaces in time using an off-resonant Fabry–Pérot cavity in camera sensors, new capabilities such as ultrafast multi-zoom imaging and ultrafast multispectral imaging, of use for time-resolved imaging and depth-sensing optics, are found.

OligoFISSEQ combines Oligopaints with fluorescence in situ sequencing to enable the 3D mapping of many regions across the genome in human cells to interrogate genome organization at improved genomic resolution. OligoFISSEQ is compatible with immunochemistry and OligoSTORM for super-resolution imaging.

In honey bee colonies infested with the mite Varroa destructor, six Varroa-parasitization-specific (VPS) compounds trigger protective behavior in the bees, which are able to distinguish VPS compounds from healthy signals and recognize an infested brood.

Single-molecule imaging of cell-free nucleosomes detects colorectal cancer with high accuracy and sensitivity.

Circulating cell-free DNA from patients is analyzed by ChIP-seq to reconstruct gene expression in human organs and tumors.

Data from tangential flow filtration experiments using cell culture medium without animal products are used to estimate the costs of scaled-up, continuous cultivated chicken manufacturing.

Identical twins from a single embryo are formed in multiple species, albeit rarely. It is not clear how such twinning is suppressed during early development. Here they show that calcium signalling activity is propagated through the extraembryonic tissue to prevent ectopic primitive streak formation during gastrulation.

Stimulated emission under continuous-wave excitation from mercury telluride quantum dots at very low thresholds (compatible with electrical injection) is achieved by exploiting surface traps that render the quantum dots into four-level systems.

Nanoscale materials hold promising applications for controlled release of bioactive compounds. Here hollow gold nanoshells tethered to liposomes allows the controlled release of encapsulated neurochemicals by acoustic or laser stimulation

The folding of multidomain proteins can involve metastable intermediate states. Here, a single-molecule FRET based method is developed and used to identify six metastable states in the folding landscape of the three-domain protein adenylate kinase.

Ultra-deep mapping of genome organization uncovers precise nuclear compartments and diffuse CTCF loops. This work demonstrates that compartment domains segregate the 5′ and 3′ ends of genes and that CTCF loops create proximal structures.

Hand grip strength as a proxy of muscular fitness is a clinical predictor of mortality and morbidity. In a large-scale GWA study, the authors find 16 robustly associated genetic loci that highlight roles in muscle fibre structure and function, neuronal maintenance and nervous system signal transduction.

A series of early-time, multiwavelength observations of an optical transient, AT2022cmc, indicate that it is a relativistic jet from a tidal disruption event originating from a supermassive black hole.

Homologs are paired in Drosophila somatic cells from embryogenesis to adulthood. Using a computational approach for haplotype-resolved Hi-C, the authors reveal highly structured homolog pairing in Drosophila embryos during zygotic genome activation and demonstrate its application to mammalian embryos.

Combining the plaque assay with mass spectrometry imaging allowed high spatiotemporal resolution mapping of metabolites produced during viral infection of the alga Emiliania huxleyi, and revealed a shift in lipid metabolism towards odd-chain fatty acid lipids.

Emulsifiers are used in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and biomedical industry. Here the authors fabricate rigid helical peptides that can perform as emulsifiers and thickeners, which typically requires synergistic effects of surfactants and polysaccharides.

Ashkenazi Jews are a genetically isolated population with distinct patterns of genetic diversity. Here, the authors sequence the genomes of 128 Ashkenazi Jewish individuals and use the sequence information to provide insight into the population's European and Middle Eastern origins.

Circadian rhythms synchronize important biological processes, and are thought to primarily be entrained by environmental cycles in light and temperature, with little or no role for social interactions. Here, Fuchikawa et al. show that social cues among honeybees can entrain these rhythms even in the presence of conflicting light-dark cycles.

Identification of individuals at risk of severe COVID-19 disease could inform treatment and public health planning. Here, the authors develop and validate a risk prediction model for COVID-19 mortality in Israel by building a model for severe respiratory infection and recalibrating it using COVID-19 case fatality rates.

Machine learning (ML) is revolutionizing and reshaping health care, and computer-based systems can be trained to perform complex tasks in bioinformatics, medical imaging and medical robotics. In this Review, Goldenberg et al. consider ML in the management of prostate cancer, with growing applications in diagnostic imaging, surgical interventions, skills training and assessment, digital pathology and genomics.