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The links between meat production and immunity in cattle can affect agricultural production. Here, Li et al. identify genetic and environmental factors that shape immune responses in cattle, which can guide breeding for improved health.

Elite and viremic controllers of HIV can spontaneously regulate viral replication, but some lose this ability over time. In this longitudinal cohort study, 31% of viremic and 3% of elite HIV controllers lost viral control over 17 years. Specific T-cell– related proteins distinguish controller types and predict loss years in advance.

Endosomal sequestration of lipid-based nanoparticles is a barrier to delivery of nucleic acids. Here the authors test an array of cholesterol variants and perform in-depth investigation of nanoparticle shape, internal structure and intracellular trafficking.

How landscapes are arranged affects soil pathogenic fungi worldwide. The authors reveal the global pattern and pronounced scale-dependency of landscape complexity and land-cover quantity on soil pathogenic fungal diversity.

The ALICE Collaboration provides details on the microscopic mechanism that ends up creating antideuteron in high-energy proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

This Comment proposes a receptor-informed, neuroimaging-integrated framework for guiding personalized, mechanism-based psychedelic therapies.

In this Viewpoint article,Nature Reviews Immunologyinvites five experts to discuss the nature of immunological memory. How should we define a memory response? And can innate immune cells — as well as lymphocytes — develop into memory populations? The contributors share their thoughts on these questions and other key issues in the field.

iExoKras^G12D are engineered exosomes for the delivery of siRNA targeting KRAS^G12D. Here the authors describe the results of a phase I trial of iExoKrasG12D in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer, reporting safety and clinical activity, as well as immunological correlates informing on tumor immune microenvironment reprograming and future combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors.’

An integrated dataset combining genetics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics from 1,342 people living with HIV illuminates molecular pathways driving immune responses and comorbidities in this population.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Transgenerational transmission of acquired immunological traits has been demonstrated in invertebrates and plants but not mammals. Katzmarski et al. demonstrate that trained immunity that protects against heterologous infections can be transmitted to F2 offspring.

Candidaemia is a common cause of bloodstream infection, but the genetic basis of Candidainfection is poorly understood. Here, the authors identify genetic variation at three loci that increase risk of candidaemia, and show that genes at these loci have a role in antifungal host defence.

Noncoding transcripts contribute to the adaptation of cellular processes to oxygen levels. Here the authors characterize a hypoxia responsive lncRNA lincNORS and show that it has a role in cellular sterol homeostasis.

Rapid urbanization can be associated with adverse health implications. de Mast and colleagues compare urban and rural Tanzanian populations using multi-omics and observe that urbanization is associated with an elevated but reversible inflammatory state.

Although normal γδ T cell development depends on the E protein antagonist, Id3, Id3 deficiency produces different phenotypes in distinct γδ T cell subsets. Here, the authors demonstrate that Id3 deficiency impairs the development of Vγ3⁺ T cells, while promoting that of NKγδT cells expressing the invariant Vγ1Vδ6.3 TCR.

Some individuals remain uninfected despite heavy exposure to tuberculosis. Using a household study in Indonesian living with tuberculosis patients, the authors here find that innate immune responses, not antibodies, correlate with protection against initial infection, particularly in individuals who have received the BCG vaccine.

Transcriptional and functional immune-cell profiling reveals that Candida auris is a strong inducer of innate host defence and identifies possible targets for adjuvant immunotherapy.

A randomized crossover trial showed that transition to a Western diet resulted in pro-inflammatory changes, whereas transition to an African heritage diet rich in fruits and vegetables, legumes and fermented products led to opposite effects.

A pan-betacoronavirus vaccine will likely require the elicitation of antibodies against spike regions conserved across diverse coronaviruses. Here, authors computationally engineer and experimentally validate immunogens to elicit antibodies against two such spike regions.

The function and position of organelles are pivotal for tumor cell dissemination. Here the authors use melanoma patient samples and animal models to show that peripheral localization of lysosomes promotes metastasis by favoring lysosome exocytosis and cell invasion.

Ancient DNA reveals how the explosive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists began with a small community north of the Black Sea speaking ancestral Indo-European, and detects genetic links with Anatolian speakers, stemming from a common Indo-Anatolian homeland in the North Caucasus–lower Volga region.

Delivering immunomodulatory compounds to myeloid cells can activate innate immunity for cancer immunotherapy. Here the authors design a polymersome-based nanocarrier for delivering β-glucan to red pulp myeloid cells in the spleen and show that their strategy achieves tumour growth reduction in a melanoma model.

Sepsis is poorly understood, largely untreatable and frequently fatal. Netea and colleagues assess both mouse sepsis and human sepsis to demonstrate that its late phase is characterized by immunoparalysis and broad metabolic alterations in cells of the immune system.

RNA-binding motifs in eukaryotic proteins are presented in a comprehensive resource.

Notch1 is frequently activated promoting T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL). Here, the authors show that Notch1 induces oxidative phosphorylation dependency in T-ALL and synergism when inhibiting both mitochondrial complex I and glutaminolysis in preclinical murine and human xenograft models.

A species-level phylogenetic analysis of the high-elevation flora of the European Alps reveals that the flora is young and colonist rich. Its assembly was primarily driven by the Pleistocene climatic cycles, rather than ancient orogenic events.

Swarm Learning is a decentralized machine learning approach that outperforms classifiers developed at individual sites for COVID-19 and other diseases while preserving confidentiality and privacy.

Gut microbiome alterations have been linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and obesity. Here, the authors characterize the metagenomes of four large human cohorts and perform co-abundance network analysis showing that dysbiosis in disease is marked by the altered co-abundance relationships, suggesting that pathway coabundance networks are more heterogeneous than species network.

The results obtained by seventy different teams analysing the same functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset show substantial variation, highlighting the influence of analytical choices and the importance of sharing workflows publicly and performing multiple analyses.

Normothermic machine perfusion of the liver improved early graft function, demonstrated by reduced peak serum aspartate transaminase levels and early allograft dysfunction rates, and improved organ utilization and preservation times, although no differences were seen in graft or patient survival.

A manufacturable platform for quantum computing with photons is introduced and a set of monolithically integrated silicon-photonics-based modules is benchmarked, demonstrating dual-rail photonic qubits with performance close to thresholds required for operation.

Within a human cohort, wide variation can occur with constitutively expressed proteins. Aschenbrenner and colleagues found that individuals with lower CRELD1 expression have decreased frequencies of naive CD4⁺ T cells. Mice with conditional Creld1 deficiency also exhibit a phenotype associated with immunological aging.

The Human Microbiome Project Consortium has established a population-scale framework to study a variety of microbial communities that exist throughout the human body, enabling the generation of a range of quality-controlled data as well as community resources.

Human metaplastic breast cancers (MpBC) are a rare, aggressive subclass of triple-negative breast cancers. Here, the authors show over-expression of histone reader TRIM24 is sufficient to generate tumors with a molecular signature of metabolic dysfunction and EMT in a mouse model of human MpBC.

There is considerable debate over the size and direction of the non-adiabatic component of the spin-torque generated when a current flows across a domain wall in a ferromagnet. Measurements of this property in a wall just 1–10 nm wide suggest its value is small, arising from purely magnetic dissipation mechanisms.

Little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of antifungal host defense. Two complementary studies show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase CBLB targets dectin-1 and dectin-2 for degradation, and thus exerts a strong anti-inflammatory effect.

Immunization of macaques with nanoparticle-conjugated receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 adjuvanted with 3M-052 and alum results in cross-neutralizing antibodies against bat coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 variants, and may provide a platform for developing pan-coronavirus vaccines.

An international consortium reports the genomic sequence for ten Drosophila species, and compares them to two other previously published Drosophila species. These data are invaluable for drawing evolutionary conclusions across an entire phylogeny of species at once.

The cell-surface receptor TREML4 amplifies cellular responses to single-stranded RNA by regulating recruitment of the adaptor MyD88 to the receptor TLR7. Mice lacking TREML4 show impaired antiviral immunity but also reduced severity of lupus-like disease.

Echo-enabled harmonic generation in a free-electron laser enables 45th harmonic pulses from a 264 nm wavelength seed, yielding 5.9 nm wavelength coherent output.

A loophole-free violation of Bell’s inequality with superconducting circuits shows that non-locality is a viable new resource in quantum information technology realized with superconducting circuits, promising many potential applications.

Candida albicanscan grow as unicellular budding yeast cells and as filamentous hyphae. Mihai Netea and colleagues discuss the molecular mechanisms that drive this dimorphism, the changes that lead to differential interaction with the host, and the immunological mechanisms that discriminate between tissue colonization and invasion.