Search

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Dendrobium is a genus of mostly epiphytic and lithophytic orchids. Here, the authors conduct comparative genome analysis for 24 chromosome-level genome assemblies and genome skimming sequencing data for 204 species in this genus, and reveal genomic variation, biosynthesis and evolutionary adaptation in Dendrobium orchids.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Central thalamic patterns index recovery in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) across different severities, etiologies and ages, revealing a shared mechanism underlying consciousness recovery in DoC and informing treatment strategies.

A reinforcement learning-based virtual reality system, implementing a series of sport sessions with coaching, was as effective as standard physical activity in reducing fat mass in adolescents, with positive effects on cognition.

Hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells operating in alkaline electrolyte are more cost-effective than their proton exchange membrane counterparts, but their performance is still considerably lower. Now, a Ni–Mo–Nb metallic glass is put forward as a hydrogen oxidation reaction catalyst with high activity and stability in alkaline electrolyte.

High-quality genome sequence of cultivated peanut comprising 2.54 Gb with 20 pseudomolecules and 83,709 protein-coding gene models provides insights into genome evolution and the genetic mechanisms underlying seed size and leaf resistance in peanut.

Developing durable catalysts for carbon dioxide reduction to formate at commercial-scale current densities is challenging. This work reports that indium sulfide stabilized through zinc incorporation can produce formate efficiently and quickly at high current densities over long timescales.

Extreme heat is intensifying occupational risks across global agriculture, yet adaptation efforts remain disproportionately crop-centric. Existing frameworks largely ignore the physiological limits, economic constraints and structural exposures faced by frontline labourers. A shift towards climate-resilient mechanization, quantified health-loss integration and redistributive adaptation policy is essential to safeguard the human foundation of food systems.

Wang, Wang, Pan and colleagues uncover a C864–C869 disulfide linkage stimulated by viral RNA that drives RIG-I activation, phase separation and stimulates downstream innate immune signalling.

Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of immune cells in the blood and liver of a human decedent receiving a pig liver xenograft reveals impaired adaptive immunity and monocyte features that may induce T cell exhaustion and contribute to platelet activation.

The complete biosynthetic pathway of Prim-O-Glucosylcimifugin and 5-O-Methylvisamminoside in Saposhnikovia divaricata is resolved and their de novo biosynthesis is reconstructed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The evolutionary mechanisms of furochromone biosynthesis among Apiaceae plants is further analyzed.

Noble-metal-free catalysts often show stability issues in acidic media due to structural degradation. Here authors show that phase-mixed engineering of cobalt diselenide electrocatalysts can enable greater covalency of Co-Se bonds and improve robustness for catalyzing hydrogen evolution in acid.

Spatial-omics methods with ease-of-use and high multiplexing are in demand. Here the authors report Multi Omic Single-scan Assay with Integrated Combinatorial Analysis (MOSAICA) which uses Spectral and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging and Microscopy; they apply this to co-detection of mRNA and protein.

Robotic applications in complex environments require high-frequency and versatile oscillators. Here, the authors present a pneumatic oscillator that integrates hybrid soft, elastic, and rigid structures. It achieves a maximum frequency of 51 Hz, enabling fast, pre-programmable, and tunable motion patterns.

In this Perspective, members of the Aging Biomarker Consortium outline the X-Age Project, an Aging Biomarker Consortium plan for building standardized aging clocks in China. The authors discuss the project roadmap and its aims of decoding aging heterogeneity, detecting accelerated aging early and evaluating geroprotective interventions.

The lack of efficient and cost-effective catalysts for H₂ oxidation reaction (HOR) hinders the application of anion exchange membrane fuel cells. Here, authors report a ternary nickel-tungsten-copper nanoalloy with marked HOR activity and stability that rivals the benchmark platinum catalyst.

This overview of the ENCODE project outlines the data accumulated so far, revealing that 80% of the human genome now has at least one biochemical function assigned to it; the newly identified functional elements should aid the interpretation of results of genome-wide association studies, as many correspond to sites of association with human disease.

Materials with switchable fluorescence possess great potential for information encryption applications, but systems where the off state is invisible are lacking. Here the authors print patterns of colourless metal organic frameworks and reversibly transform these inks into fluorescent perovskite nanocrystals

In nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) CREB1 and SRGN are increased while miR-148a-5p is decreased. Silencing of SRGN and CREB1, and miR-148a-5p overexpression represses NPC tumor progression. The authors show that CREB1 promotes SRGN expression by targeting its promoter. In NPC, FoxO1 binds to miR-148a-5p, and miR-148a-5p targets CREB1. FoxO1 knockdown abolishes the downregulation of CREB1 and SRGN induced by STAT3 silencing. In summary, STAT3 regulates SRGN and promotes the growth and metastasis of NPC through the FoxO1-miR-148a-5p-CREB1 axis.

Tong et al. describe a super pangenome assembled from long-read sequences of 545 wild and domesticated silkworms. Naturally selected (diapause, aposemantic coloration) or artificially selected (silk yield and fineness) sets of genes are delineated.

 A transcriptomic cell-type atlas of the whole adult mouse brain with ~5,300 clusters built from single-cell and spatial transcriptomic datasets with more than eight million cells reveals remarkable cell type diversity across the brain and unique cell type characteristics of different brain regions. 

Designing efficient circularly polarized light sources requires a balance between the photoluminescence quantum yield and the luminescence dissymmetry factor. Here, the authors develop indium-based chiral metal halides with efficient CPL characteristics by modulating their structural dimensions.

Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹.

Ru is one of the most active metals for oxygen evolution reaction, but it quickly dissolves in acidic electrolyte particularly in nanosized form. Here the authors show that coral-like solid-solution Ru‒Ir consisting of 3 nm-thick sheets with only 6 at% Ir is a long-lived catalyst with high activity

The use of biomarkers of ageing is crucial for investigating age-related processes. This Review discusses biomarkers of ageing and of ageing-associated physiological changes, at the cellular, tissue and organism levels in humans and non-human primates.

The multifunctional GSDMB protein is an important molecule in human immunity. Here, the authors decipher the molecular mechanisms of GSDMB targeting by the bacterial virulence factor IpaH7.8 and provide insights into GSDMB-mediated pyroptosis.

Salivary elicitors secreted by herbivorous insects can be perceived by host plants to trigger plant immunity. Here, the authors show that the small brown planthopper salivary sheath protein LsSP1 binds to salivary sheath proteins and contributes to insect feeding by manipulating rice plant defenses.

A catalogue of the vascular flora of New Guinea indicates that this island is the most floristically diverse in the world, and that 68% of the species identified are endemic to New Guinea.

The hypoxic microenvironment in solid tumors limits the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) since oxygen is necessary to produce high cytotoxic singlet oxygen species. Here, the authors develop an improved self-assembled single-atom nanozyme which allows oxygen generation to enhance PDT efficacy.

Solar-to-chemical CO₂ reduction provides a means to use light’s energy for CO₂ removal and upgrading to useful products, although this photochemical conversion is challenging. Here, authors construct a Europium-containing metal-organic framework that selectively converts CO₂ to formate with light.

Fluorescent supramolecular coordination complexes are of interest for chemical sensing and optical devices. Here the authors synthesize nine organoplatinum metallacycles with high quantum yields, whose fluorescence wavelengths are tuned through manipulation of their photoinduced electron transfer and intramolecular charge transfer properties.

The genome sequences of 175 Ebola virus from five districts in Sierra Leone, collected during September–November 2014, show that the rate of virus evolution seems to be similar to that observed during previous outbreaks and that the genetic diversity of the virus has increased substantially, with the emergence of several novel lineages.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports the observation of the electroweak production of two jets and a Z-boson pair. This process is related to vector-boson scattering and allows the nature of electroweak symmetry breaking to be probed.

Little is known about the transcription factors that facilitate NK cell differentiation. Brady and colleagues find that the basic leucine zipper transcription factor E4bp4 is essential for NK cell development in mice.

Using mouse models of TDP-43 neurodegeneration, this study demonstrates that microglial TREM2 binds TDP-43 and thus mediates its phagocytic clearance. TDP-43 may serve as a possible ligand for microglial TREM2 in TDP-43-related neurodegeneration.