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It remains unclear whether and how endometrial dysfunction leads to infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), independent of the ovary. Here, the authors show that elevated ERα and histone lactylation impair endometrial receptivity in PCOS and serve as potential therapeutic targets.

Identifying modifiable factors for cardiovascular health is becoming increasingly important. Here, the authors demonstrate that eating within shorter, earlier time windows is associated with lower cardiovascular risk in Chinese children. Multi-omics analysis suggests that lipid metabolism pathways may mediate these effects.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Catalytic addition of a carbon chain and a hydrogen across a double bond has often required an added hydride source. Here the authors show a method to add alkanes with an amino functionality to olefins, wherein a nickel catalyst uses the amine itself as the hydride source, obviating an external hydride reagent.

Strategies for the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of trifluoromethylated compounds remain scarce. Here, the authors report the nickel-catalyzed enantioselective dicarbofunctionalization of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene.

Diarrhoea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in China. Here, the authors present results from a large sentinel surveillance scheme from 217 hospitals in all 31 provinces in mainland China, including ~150,000 patients with acute diarrhoea and covering years 2009-2018.

China operates a national surveillance program for acute respiratory infections and sampled over 200,000 patients between 2009–2019. Here, the authors present results from this program and describe patterns by age, pathogen type, presence of pneumonia, and season.

A 5 year longitudinal, retrospective and multi-centre epidemiological study of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae across China reveals antibiotic resistance, virulence gene and capsule profiles for 1,017 isolates showing increased K64 prevalence, increased hypervirulence and moderate frequency, stable circulation of capsule- or O-antigen-deficient strains.

Hydrogen sulfide regulates cellular activities in some organisms through posttranslational S-sulfhydration of proteins. Here, Hu et al. reveal mechanisms by which S-sulfhydration controls infectivity and autophagy in a phytopathogenic fungus.

Mass cytometry with signal amplification enables measurement of low-abundance proteins.

Genomic analyses of Citrus species including haplotype-resolved genomes of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantium highlight the origin of sweet orange and provide a strategy for de novo domestication of perennial crops.

Understanding and preventing thermal runaway is critical to ensuring the safe and reliable operation of batteries. Here the authors demonstrate the large-scale production of a highly conductive graphene-based foil current collector to mitigate thermal runaway in high-capacity batteries.

Using molecular-beam epitaxy, we synthesize heterostructures of topological insulator Bi₂Se₃ and the Ising superconductor monolayer NbSe₂. By changing the Bi₂Se₃ thickness, they demonstrate a crossover from Ising- to Rashba-type superconducting pairing.

Comprehensive epigenomic maps of various rice varieties are still unavailable. Here, the authors report the development of eChIP as a fast and low-input upgrade of regular plant ChIP-seq protocol for epigenome analysis of 20 rice varieties and annotate over 80% of the genome with different epigenome properties for transcriptional regulation.

Mass cytometry is a powerful method of single cell analysis, but potential confounding effects of cell cycle and cell volume are not taken into account. Here the authors present a combined experimental and computational method to correct for these effects and reveal features of TNFα stimulation that are otherwise masked.

Structures of a vesicular monoamine transporter in complex with drugs and substrate provide insights into the physiology and pharmacology of neurotransmitter packaging.

Adjuvant gefitinib improves outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients compared to chemotherapy, but not in all cases. Here, the authors find genomic biomarkers of response to gefitinib in NSCLC patients from the ADJUVANT trial, and propose a score to stratify them by potential benefit from the treatment.

Li et al. define an adaptive resistance mechanism against FGFR inhibitor treatment in breast cancer attributed to loss of BRG1 chromatin recruitment, reactivation of YAP-dependent enhancers and upregulation of amino acid-induced mTORC1 activity.

Acquired radioresistance is a challenge for the cure of glioblastoma. Here, the authors show that radioresistant glioblastoma boosts mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation that fuels cell proliferation and induces immunosuppression via CD47 mediated anti-phagocytosis. Inhibition of FAO by etomoxir combined with anti-CD47 antibodies sensitizes glioblastoma to radiotherapy.

Disseminated tumor cells often become dormant before awakening for metastatic growth. Here, the authors report that the lncRNA, NR2F1-AS1, is upregulated in dormant mesenchymal-like breast cancer stem-like cells and promotes dissemination but inhibits proliferation, leading to metastatic dormancy.

While multi-carbon (C₂₊) products present high-value species attainable from emitted carbon dioxide, it is challenging to prepare stable, C₂₊ selective catalysts. Here, authors support copper on copper nitride to improve copper’s electrocatalytic stability and selectivity toward C₂₊ synthesis.

Using whole-exome sequencing followed by in vitro enzymatic assays, Chew, Liu, Li, Chung et al. identified rare protein-coding variants in GBA1 and SMPD1 that significantly associate with risk of Parkinson’s disease across cohorts of Asian descent.

Yijun Ruan and colleagues report the draft genome of the sweet orange, Citrus sinensis. Their data suggests sweet orange originated from a cross between pummelo and mandarin.

Mass-cytometry analysis reveals how signaling networks respond to changes in the abundance of their nodes.

The Microarray Quality Control consortium pitted 36 teams against each other to evaluate methods for creating genomic classifiers, computational tools for interpreting gene expression profiles. The performance of the classifiers on blinded validation data—and metadata on the analytic methods—reveal the challenges facing the field.

Long Yu and colleagues report a genome-wide association study for hepatitis B virus–related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC). They report that genetic variants in STAT4 and HLA-DQ genes confer risk of HBV-HCC.

Ze-Guang Han and colleagues report exome sequencing of ten hepatitis B virus–positive hepatocellular carcinomas. They identify recurrent somatic mutations in ARID1A and mutation signatures that may reflect mutagenic exposures.

Huai-Dong Song and colleagues report results of a genome-wide association study of Graves' disease. They confirm four previously reported risk loci for this disease and identify two new susceptibility loci at 4p14 and 6q27.