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Red–green colour blindness is the most common single locus genetic disorder. Gene therapy is now used in adult monkeys, colour blind since birth, to provide the receptoral basis for trichromatic colour vision. Despite the expectation from classic visual deprivation experiments that neural connections established during development are incapable of processing an input not present from birth, treated monkeys displayed trichromatic colour vision behaviour.

TssA is an important component of the bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS). Here, Dix et al. integrate structural, phylogenetic and functional analysis of the TssA subunits, providing new insights into their role in T6SS assembly and function.

The PSA (KLK3) genetic variant rs17632542 is associated with reduced prostate cancer risk and lower serum PSA levels, although the underlying reasons are unclear. Here, the authors show that this PSA variant reduced proteolytic activity and leads to smaller tumours, but also increases invasion and bone metastasis, indicating its dual risk association depending on tumour context; the variant is associated with both lower risk and poor clinical outcomes.

Post-fast refeeding increases intestinal stem cell function and tumour formation by augmenting protein synthesis via polyamine metabolism.

Metallic surface states on CoO₂ and Pd terminated surfaces due to electronic reconstruction have been observed in the CoO₂-based delafossites. In contrast, here the authors report an interesting insulating state on the CrO₂ terminated surface of PdCrO₂ due to charge-disproportionation.

The development and deployment of clean technologies requires high-precision sensing, which quantum sensors can provide. This Review explores the development of quantum sensing technologies for emerging energy generation, transmission and storage applications.

The authors study tunneling junctions in rhombohedral MoS₂ bilayers and correlate their performance with the local domain layout. They show that the switching behavior in sliding ferroelectrics is strongly dependent on the pre-existing domain structure.

Oligodendrogenesis is shown to be involved in reward learning, with dopaminergic neuronal activity-regulated myelin plasticity being an important reward circuit modification.

Nie et al. describe a mechanism underlying the degradation of the histone methyltransferase NSD2 through the recruitment of FBXO22 E3 ligase, providing a chemical probe for NSD2 function study and targeted protein degradation.

Here the authors show mutants of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), an enzyme implicated in various cancers, have distinct catalytic and structural features that drive their ability to generate an oncometabolite.

Efficient phononic nonlinear processes are demonstrated in an acoustoelectric heterostructure combining a high-mobility semiconductor indium gallium arsenide film heterogeneously integrated onto a lithium niobate thin film.

This study uses single-base tiled screens, bioinformatics, comprehensive mutagenesis and proteomics to provide a high-resolution view of RNA silencing with PspCas13b. It reveals design principles for potent silencing without collateral effects.

EGFR regulates cellular processes across the animal kingdom. Here, the authors show that transmembrane conformational coupling is the first step in EGFR signaling, providing evidence for the existence of transmembrane intramolecular conformational changes in a single pass membrane protein.

The humoral immune response role in cancer is unclear. Here the authors perform an in-depth proteomic profiling of immunoglobulin-bound proteins in plasma from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients and find cancer-cell specific antibodies neutralized by binding to cancer-cell derived exosomes.

In a randomized control trial, individuals who received dietitian-led counseling in the supermarket, together with web-based tools, had improved dietary quality in comparison to a control group, as assessed by adherence to the heart-healthy DASH diet plan.

The mechanisms involved in programmed or damage-induced removal of mitochondria by mitophagy remain elusive. Here the authors use an siRNA library to screen lipid-binding proteins, and identify the kinases GAK and PRKCD as positive regulators of PRKN-independent mitophagy.

The low-temperature operation of non-aqueous sodium-based batteries is affected by the properties of the electrolyte. Here the authors propose specific electrolyte formulations that are thermally stable down to −150 °C and enable a stable electrode|electrolyte interface at low temperatures.

Auditory processing is an important component of mosquito behaviour including mating. Here the authors demonstrate substantial sex- and also species-specific variation in mosquito auditory transduction, amplification and gain control.

Ice core records of gradually declining atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) for the period 1450–1700 CE support modelled scenarios of large-scale reorganisation of land use in the Americas following New World-Old World contact.

The insertion of metal atoms and heteroaromatic units provides a way to tune the optical, electronic and magnetic properties of graphene nanoribbons. Now the synthesis of a porphyrin-fused graphene nanoribbon with a narrow bandgap and high charge mobility has been achieved, and this material used to fabricate field-effect and single-electron transistors.

Pushing the low temperature limit of refrigerators beyond milli-kelvin regime holds the promise for new discoveries in the nano-electronic devices. Here, Sarsby et al. achieve 500 micro-kelvin electron temperature using combined on-chip and off-chip nuclear refrigeration techniques.

Peptide antibiotics often display a very narrow therapeutic index. Here, the authors present an optimized peptide antibiotic with broad-spectrum in vitro activities, in vivo efficacy in multiple disease models against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections, and reduced toxicity.

Cao et al. find that the mesenteric lymphatic system becomes dysfunctional during obesity in mice and humans, leading to visceral adipose tissue accumulation and insulin resistance.

Mutations in the splicing factor RBM20 cause aggressive Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Here the authors generated RBM20 R636S mutants and knockout in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Mutant RBM20 showed different target RNA binding, altered splicing and localization to cytoplasmic processing bodies.

Twisted monolayer-bilayer graphene is an attractive platform to study the interplay between topology, magnetism and correlations in the flat bands. Here, using electrical transport measurements, the authors uncover a rich correlated phase diagram and identify a new insulating state that can be explained by intervalley coherence with broken time reversal symmetry.

Triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial agent commonly found in consumer products, has been reported to exacerbates colitis in animal models. Here, using in vitro and in vivo approaches, the authors show that gut bacterial enzymes can drive the metabolic activation and gut toxicity of TCS, highlighting an important role of intestinal microbial factors in the complex etiology of colitis.

There is a need to optimise cryo-EM data acquisition approaches to improve the resolution of GPCR cryo-EM structures to better than 2.5 Å, in order to use them for structure-based drug design purposes. Here, the authors present a systematic analysis of the main cryo-EM experimental parameters using three GPCRs as test cases, which is also of interest for the cryo-EM structure determination of other small membrane proteins.

The intracellular domain (ICD) of Cys-loop receptors mediates many of their functions, but no complete structure of a Cys-loop receptor ICD is available to date. Here, the authors combine NMR and ESR spectroscopy to determine the full-length ICD structures of the human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR).

Early apoptotic responses to oncolytic virotherapy in mice can be rapidly detected by chemical-exchange-saturation-transfer magnetic resonance fingerprinting, by leveraging a neural network trained with simulated magnetic resonance fingerprints.

This protocol describes the establishment of a reversible replication barrier using plasmid templates containing a lacO array bound by LacR repressor. The method allows fine control of replication fork movement and replication fork encounter with DNA lesions.

Infrared brightening and luminosity observations from a young, solar-like star suggest a collision between two exoplanets producing a hot, highly extended post-impact remnant and transit of the debris causing the visible light eclipse of the host star.

High-speed optical pulses can enhance system performance and data throughput in photonic-microwave hybrid circuits, but repeated illumination can degrade superconducting resonators’ performance. Here, by conducting experiments in vacuum and superfluid helium, the authors reveal the mechanisms of light-induced loss and demonstrate a three order-of-magnitude faster resonance recovery of niobium-based superconducting resonators in the superfluid helium environment.

Microwave photonic technologies are poised to revolutionise electronic systems. Here the authors integrate necessary but until now elusive, MHz-level resolution photonic processing with on-chip electro-optic components in a compact microwave photonic notch filter.

By implanting ¹¹⁷Sn, a fibre-packaged nanophotonic diamond waveguide with optically addressable hyperfine transitions separated by 452 MHz is demonstrated. This enables the formation of a spin-gated optical switch and achieving a waveguide-to-fibre extraction efficiency of 57%.

The authors demonstrate the tunability of moiré potential and emergent moiré exciton Rydberg states in a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide governed by an adjacent twisted bilayer graphene near the magic angle with gate-tunable local charge density.

An orally bioavailable small-molecule active-site inhibitor of the phosphatases PTPN2 and PTPN1, ABBV-CLS-484, demonstrates immunotherapeutic efficacy in mouse models of cancer resistant to PD-1 blockade.

Here, the relationship between unfolding and amyloid aggregation of glaucoma-associated myocilin is probed, showing that myocilin is not at equilibrium and pathogenic aggregation competes directly with unfolding.

CCR8 is a promising target in cancer immunotherapy. Here, authors generated mAb1, an antagonist antibody against CCR8 and determined structures of CCR8 in complex with mAb1 or the agonist CCL1, providing insights into CCR8 inhibition and activation.

Vibration can be applied to cells in vitro and in vivo to trigger specific mechanotransductive pathways and guide cell-fate decisions. This Review explores the use of vibrational stimulation for cell engineering, outlining key pathways, devices and applications for this new mechanical cell-stimulation tool.

In individuals who have achieved natural control of HIV-1 without drug treatment, intact proviral sequences are integrated into genomic regions that are not permissive to active viral transcription, indicating deep latency of the virus.

Charlet, Grinevich et al. show that social touch between female rats activates parvocellular oxytocin neurons; these neurons control social behavior by coordinating the responses of the much larger population of magnocellular oxytocin neurons.

Glucose-sensing neurons are found in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH). Here the authors identify the role of estrogen receptor-α expressing neurons in the ventrolateral subdivision of the VMH in sensing hypoglycemia.

The relationship between regulatory elements, chromatin interactions and gene expression during development remains poorly understood. Here the authors present Tiled-C, a low-input 3C approach to study genome architecture at high resolution, and apply it to mouse erythroid differentiation in vivo, finding that enhancer-promoter interactions are formed gradually during differentiation, concomitant with progressive upregulation of gene activity.

Electron microscopy (EM) is the gold standard for biological ultrastructure but acquisition speed is slow, making it unsuitable for large volumes. Here the authors present a parallel imaging pipeline for continuous autonomous imaging with six transmission EMs to image 1 mm³ of mouse cortex in less than 6 months.

Rhesus macaque TRIMCyp (RhTC) is a potent antiviral that inhibits the replication of diverse HIV viruses. New studies reveal that RhTC has evolved to become conformationally dynamic, and that RhTC can be engineered to switch from a single conformation that can target only HIV-1 to a dynamic state that can target multiple viral strains.

Engineering multiple moiré patterns within a boron nitride–graphene–boron nitride heterostructure enables tunable crystal symmetry and strong modification of the graphene band structure.

Here the authors investigate the contribution of transposable elements to regulation of gene expression in human trophoblasts. Amongst other examples, they identify an LTR10A element with potential implications for preeclampsia.

A new magnetoencephalography system allows high-spatiotemporal-resolution imaging of human brain function in moving subjects.

Spatial metabolomics are used to describe the location and chemistry of small molecules involved in metabolic phenotypes. Here, Conroy et al. present a bioinformatic pipeline to analyze MALDI data and show that it can be used to identify actionable targets such as glycogen in fibrotic lungs of both human and mice.