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This study reports the creation of a model thermodynamic engine that is fuelled by the energy difference resulting from changing the statistics of a quantum gas from bosonic to fermionic.

A scheme to prepare a magic state, an important ingredient for quantum computers, on a superconducting qubit array using error correction is proposed that produces better magic states than those that can be prepared using the individual qubits of the device.

A recurrent, transformer-based neural network, called AlphaQubit, learns high-accuracy error decoding to suppress the errors that occur in quantum systems, opening the prospect of using neural-network decoders for real quantum hardware.

Experimental measurements of high-order out-of-time-order correlators on a superconducting quantum processor show that these correlators remain highly sensitive to the quantum many-body dynamics in quantum computers at long timescales.

A fault-tolerant, universal set of single- and two-qubit quantum gates is demonstrated between two instances of the seven-qubit colour code in a trapped-ion quantum computer.

Strongly enhanced optical nonlinearities and an ultrafast transition from coherent to incoherent polariton excitations are demonstrated by coupling an atomically thin WS₂ layer to a plasmonic nanostructure using ultrafast multidimensional spectroscopy.

To simulate physical systems on a quantum computer, their degrees of freedom must be encoded into qubits. This Review assesses the different methods that exist to allow quantum calculation of fermionic systems.

Checking the quality of operations of quantum computers in a reliable and scalable way is still an open challenge. Here, the authors show how to characterise multi-qubit operations in a way that scales favourably with the system’s size, and demonstrate it on a 10-qubit ion-trap device.

Measurement-free quantum error correction allows to avoid costly mid-circuit measurements and feed-forward controls. Here, the authors present a toolbox of logical operations needed for measurement-free fault-tolerant universal quantum computing and demonstrate a measurement-free logical fault-tolerant logical algorithm using an error-detecting code on an ion-trap quantum processor.

Two logical qubits are encoded in ensembles of four physical qubits through the surface code, then entangled by lattice surgery, which is a protocol for carrying out fault-tolerant operations.

A programmable quantum processor based on encoded logical qubits operating with up to 280 physical qubits is described, in which improvement of algorithmic performance using a variety of error-correction codes is enabled.

When performing quantum simulation, oftentimes the properties of interest are only a subset of the information contained in the entire state. Here, the authors devise a different type of quantum simulation, where they work with a compressed quantum state whose amplitudes are proportional to expected values of some specific observables of interest.

Encoding quantum information in qudits instead of qubits allows for several advantages, but scalable native entangling techniques would be needed. Here, the authors show how to use light-shift gates to perform entangling operations on trapped ion systems, with a calibration overhead which is independent on the qudit dimension.

Experiments on a noisy 127-qubit superconducting quantum processor report the accurate measurement of expectation values beyond the reach of current brute-force classical computation, demonstrating evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance.

Quantum error mitigation improves the accuracy of quantum computers at a computational overhead. Liao et al. demonstrate that classical machine learning models can deliver accuracy comparable to that of conventional techniques while reducing quantum computational costs.

A deterministic correction of errors caused by qubit loss or leakage outside the computational space is demonstrated in a trapped-ion experiment by using a minimal instance of the topological surface code.

Analyses of large-scale, multitaxa and long-term thermophilization patterns in forests, grasslands and alpine summits across Europe provide insight into shifts in community composition among different ecosystems in a warming world.

In this study, the authors investigate the impact of noise on quantum computing with a focus on the challenges in sampling bit strings from noisy quantum computers, which has implications for optimization and machine learning.

Magic state distillation is achieved with logical qubits on a neutral-atom quantum computer using a dynamically reconfigurable architecture for parallel quantum operations.

Van der Waals heterostructures can be combined with metallic nanostructures to enable enhanced light–matter interaction. Here, the authors fabricate a broadband mechanical electro-optical modulator using a graphene/hexagonal boron nitride vertical heterojunction, suspended over a gold nanostripe array.

Multiple scattering with wave-like atoms is known to produce non-trivial many-body effects. Here, the authors investigate multiple scattering in the semi-classical limit using deviations in the scattering halos produced by the collision of indistinguishable ultracold fermions.

Quantum error correction is essential for reliable quantum computing, but no single code supports all required fault-tolerant gates. The demonstration of switching between two codes now enables universal quantum computation with reduced overhead.

A study demonstrating increasing error suppression with larger surface code logical qubits, implemented on a superconducting quantum processor.

Reducing the assumptions required for certification of genuinely quantum behaviour is important both for quantum foundations and technologies. Here, the authors propose a theory-independent framework for quantum process tomography, and test it on a superconducting qubit, witnessing decoherence, loss of contextuality and non-Markovian evolution.

Digital quantum simulations of fermionic models have so far been based on the Jordan–Wigner encoding, which is computationally expensive. An alternative and more efficient encoding scheme is now demonstrated in a trapped-ion quantum computer.

By coupling two quantum dots via a superconductor-semiconductor hybrid region in a 2D electron gas, the authors achieve efficient splitting of Cooper pairs. Further, by applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the spin-orbit field, they can induce and measure large triplet correlations in the Cooper pair splitting process.

Chemical few-body reactions at ultralow temperatures exhibit scaling laws which are directly linked to the nature of the involved particles and their interactions. Here, the authors investigate the kinetics of four-body collision processes where diatomic molecules which are composed of ultracold fermionic atoms are either formed or dissociated.

Excitonics provides a promising way to manipulate light-matter interactions for advanced optical applications, yet controlling core-exciton dynamics in the X-ray regime is challenging. Here, the authors combine experiments with an ab initio approach developed specifically for modelling pump-probe excitations, revealing how photoexcited carrier distributions can be used to control core-exciton resonances at absorption edges.

Despite the importance of neural-network quantum states, representing fermionic matter is yet to be fully achieved. Here the authors map fermionic degrees of freedom to spin ones and use neural-networks to perform electronic structure calculations on model diatomic molecules to achieve chemical accuracy.

One-way quantum computation is based on 'cluster states' (that is, highly entangled multiparticle states). This paper experimentally implements active feed-forward technique in such a system, a crucial element in the approach to correct for random quantum measurement errors.

Qubit-based simulations of gauge theories are challenging as gauge fields require high-dimensional encoding. Now a quantum electrodynamics model has been demonstrated using trapped-ion qudits, which encode information in multiple states of ions.

The interplay between electronic topology and superconductivity is of great current interest in condensed matter physics. Here, the authors unveil an unconventional two-dimensional superconducting state accompanied by a van Hove singularity in the recently discovered Dirac nodal line semimetal ZrAs₂, which is exclusively confined to the top and bottom surfaces.

Observations of the formation of individual stripes in a mixed-dimensional cold-atom Fermi–Hubbard quantum simulator are described, enhancing understanding of the phase diagram of high-temperature superconducting materials and the relationship between charge pairs and stripes.

The discovery of an orbital Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov state in the multilayer Ising superconductor 2H-NbSe₂, in which the translational and rotational symmetries are broken, enables the preparation of such states in other materials with broken inversion symmetries.

The direct observation of hole pairing in a doped Hubbard model is demonstrated using ultracold atoms in a quantum gas microscope setting by engineering mixed-dimensional fermionic ladders.

Exchange coupling can be observed in a two-donor system in silicon, opening the way to operations involving two qubits

Quantum walks are a potential framework for developing quantum algorithms, but have so far been limited to analogue quantum-simulation approaches that do not scale. Here, the authors provide a protocol for simulating exponentially large quantum walks using a polynomial number of quantum gates and qubits.

Natural products have historically made a major contribution to pharmacotherapy, but also present challenges for drug discovery, such as technical barriers to screening, isolation, characterization and optimization. This Review discusses recent technological developments — including improved analytical tools, genome mining and engineering strategies, and microbial culturing advances — that are enabling a revitalization of natural product-based drug discovery.

Demonstrations of quantum advantage relying on sampling hard-to-compute probability distributions are plagued by difficulties in efficiently confirming the correctness of their output, which is known as the verification problem. Here, the authors use a trapped-ion platform to demonstrate efficient verification of quantum random sampling in measurement-based quantum computing.

Repetition codes running many cycles of quantum error correction achieve exponential suppression of errors with increasing numbers of qubits.

Condensation in the regime of weakly interactions is of fundamental importance. Here, the authors study the condensation process one atom at a time, showing the forces driving the behaviour of xenon atoms as they condense into aggregate structures in nanoscale pores.

A multilayer-stacked two-dimensional polyaniline crystal shows high electrical conductivity and unique out-of-plane metallic transport behaviour, indicating potential for strong electronic coupling beyond in-plane interactions and three-dimensional metallic conductivity.

Entangled pairs of fermionic atoms in an optical lattice array have long-lived motional coherence, and the motion of each pair results in a robust qubit, protected by exchange symmetry.

A manufacturable platform for quantum computing with photons is introduced and a set of monolithically integrated silicon-photonics-based modules is benchmarked, demonstrating dual-rail photonic qubits with performance close to thresholds required for operation.

Stable and robust topological edge modes are observed at finite temperatures in an array of 100 programmable superconducting qubits because of emergent symmetries present in the prethermal regime of this system.