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The authors identify AMsh glia, expressing both cold and heat receptors, function as a dual-mode thermosensory hub, bidirectionally modulating neural circuits to regulate various thermal behaviors in C. elegans.

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a treatment for pancreatic cancer, but its efficacy is limited by uneven electric field distribution. Here, the authors show that combining iron-based nanoparticles and PROTAC-mediated degradation of ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) enhances IRE efficacy by inducing ferroptosis.

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain. Here, Liu et al. develop a new method, Amyloid-ID, which uses light to label and analyze amyloid deposits in brain tissues, revealing their protein composition and associated molecules.

Rancid odors trigger retching and aversion. Here, authors show a nose-to-brain axis whereby such odors activate olfactory-piriform circuits that diverge to mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens to mediate retching-like behavior and aversion.

Fast reendothelialisation of vascular grafts is important for maintain patency. Here, the authors report on a vascular graft that regenerates the neo-adventitia with lymphatic endothelial cells, which increases the recruitment of circulatory progenitor cells, achieving 90% patency in small-diameter arterial grafts.

Rechargeable zinc batteries are promising for grid energy storage but can suffer from short circuits and side reactions. Here, the authors design low-surface-tension electrolytes that enable dense, dendrite-free zinc deposition, achieving long-lasting batteries even under harsh operating conditions.

FcγRIIb captures its ligand and targets it to lysosomal degradation following endocytosis. Here authors design bispecific-antibody-like molecules they call FcγRIIb-targeting chimeras or FcRTACs, to capture antigens with one arm and degrade them via an FcγRIIb-binding second arm to promote the clearance of pathological protein aggregates.

Liu et al. report Chinese normative lifespan brain charts showing later neurodevelopmental milestones than those detected in Western cohorts. Individual deviations from these norms are valuable in assessing clinical risk and outcomes.

STING–type-I interferon pathway regulates the immunogenicity of several cancer types, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Here the authors describe that glutamine metabolism in the tumour microenvironment dampens the STING–type-I interferon pathway by epigenetically silencing the expression of BATF2, which functions as a tumour suppressor.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

LipoID profiles lipid droplet interactions and identifies interorganelle regulators.

Less is known about the entire microbial pathogen profile of small mammals. Here, the authors analyse 2,408 tissue-resolved metatranscriptomes to map the infectome in small mammals, uncovering high viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic diversity and showing how geography, hosts, and seasons shape zoonotic risk.

In this study, the authors conduct experiments involving 276 soil-derived microcosms to reveal that the ecological process of necromass recycling promotes diversity maintenance in bacterial communities. This mechanism could help explain how high microbial species diversity is maintained in natural soil communities.

A non-coplanar axially chiral molecular contact favours the crystalline growth of perovskite film and improves interfacial stability in perovskite solar cells. Small-area devices yield a certified power conversion efficiency of 26.44% and maintain 98% of it after 2,000 hours of operation.

A four-qubit quantum error detection circuit with stabilizers can be implemented with spin qubits in a donor-based silicon quantum processor.

Whole-exome sequencing analyses in a cohort of 2,140 participants with female infertility after recurrent in vitro fertilization, coupled with functional analyses, identified genes associated with oocyte and early embryo competence defects.

Organic electrochemical neuron sensors enable rapid, energy-efficient neural signal detection and modulation, supporting closed-loop neuromodulation and offering a promising platform for implantable neurotherapeutic applications.

The contribution of T helper 2 (Th2) cells to the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation is underexplored. Here, the authors show that MOG_35-55-specific 2D2-TCR transgenic mice lacking Itch and WWP2 in CD4 ⁺ T cells develop EAE symptoms primarily driven by Th2 trans-differentiation into pathogenic Th17 cells in the absence of IL-4. Furthermore, they identify a Jak3/STAT5/Blimp1/c-Maf axis required for the maintenance of Th2 stability by repressing Th17 genes.

The authors present a wearable MXene-based sensing-processing-visualizing integrated system for tactile-visual recognition, multisensory interaction, trajectory recognition, and real-time feedback.

Short-circuiting during fast charging through lithium dendrite intrusion into electrolytes is a major challenge in solid-state batteries. Here, using thermally annealed 3-nm-thick Ag coatings, lithium penetration into brittle electrolyte Li_6.6La₃Zr_1.6Ta_0.4O₁₂ is inhibited at local current densities of 250 mA cm⁻² due to an increase in surface fracture toughness.

Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.

This study identifies four distinct polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) subtypes using unsupervised clustering analysis on data from 11,908 women and validated across five diverse cohorts. The subtypes show unique clinical features and suggest that subtype-specific management could enhance treatment precision for PCOS.

Dendrobium is a genus of mostly epiphytic and lithophytic orchids. Here, the authors conduct comparative genome analysis for 24 chromosome-level genome assemblies and genome skimming sequencing data for 204 species in this genus, and reveal genomic variation, biosynthesis and evolutionary adaptation in Dendrobium orchids.

How site-specific tumor microenvironment (TME) drives the metastasis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) remains unclear. Here, the authors employ an integrated single cell multi-omics approach to map the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of HGSOC metastasis TME and identify an interaction network within the TME driven by SELENOP⁺ macrophages and pre-exhausted CD8⁺ T cells.

Using ancient DNA, isotopes and proteomics, this work reveals social inequality and mobility in Eastern Zhou China, showing female sacrifices, dietary disparities across classes, kinship networks among elites, and rare evidence of social mobility.

In a small trial of patients with severe systemic lupus erythematosus and nephritis, treatment with allogeneic T cells with a CD19 chimeric antigen receptor inserted into the T cell receptor locus and deletion of the PD-1 (PDCD1) gene were safe and associated with reduced disease activity.

The mitochondrial membranes present a formidable barrier to the delivery of exogenous genes. Here, the authors report on the development of fluorinated lipid nanoparticles to efficiently introduce therapeutic genes into mitochondria, for the correction of mitochondrial genomic defects.

Viruses such as EBV use various mechanisms to avoid antiviral responses. Here the authors propose that the EBV protein BRRF2 is secreted via extracellular vesicles from NPC cells, disrupts the cGAS-STING pathway, reduces cGAS-DNA phase separation and the subsequent antiviral response.

Evaluation of medical LLMs’ reasoning process in professional medicine remains underexplored. Here, the authors present MedR Bench, which evaluates LLMs’ medical reasoning across exam recommendation, diagnosis, and treatment. They find that models excel at diagnosis but struggle with exams and treatment.

The mechanisms underlying the limited response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in most patients remain elusive. This study identifies GBP2 as a key enhancer of T cell-mediated ferroptosis and ICB efficacy through phase separation and STAT1 activation.

Minimally invasive oral vaccine delivery is a desired approach. Here, the authors report on an engineered probiotic-based oral vaccine system that enables controlled mucosal delivery of ferritin-displayed dual antigens, eliciting robust mucosal and systemic antitumor immune responses.

Numerical modeling combined with a global rock database shows that the Fe³⁺/ΣFe ratio in MORB mantle sources has doubled since the early Archean, suggesting a potential link between mantle redox evolution and Earth’s tectonic activity.

Data heterogeneity presents a challenge in distributed artificial intelligence (AI) for medical imaging across diverse clinical settings. Here, the authors develop HeteroSync Learning, a privacy-preserving distributed learning framework that mitigates data heterogeneity and outperforms classical, state-of-the-art, and foundation models.

Researchers repurpose Prussian Blue and Vitamin C to treat dangerously high potassium levels in mice. This approach safely traps potassium without releasing harmful sodium, offering an potential option for heart and kidney patients.

A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

Materials that mimic silk are desirable for their combination of strength and toughness, but replicating these properties in artificial materials is challenging. Here, the authors report the development of ionogel fibres, with responsive contractile behaviour, by a phase separation strategy.

Inhibition of SNO-USP16 at the C731 site represses ubiquitination and degradation of KDM1A protein to epigenetically activate GCLM and GLS, which maintains GSH homeostasis and relieves CME-induced myocardial injury.

Graphene film-based metamaterials are applied for polarization manipulation of electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, achieving high performance in polarization sensitivity, full polarization shielding, and switching efficiency.

Multi-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analyses of polycystic ovary syndrome in women of East Asian and European ancestries identify 94 independent susceptibility regions, including 73 novel loci.

The relationship between innate immunity and cellular senescence is unclear. Here the authors show that NRF1 promotes inflammatory signaling and suggest that NRF1 inhibition may improve age-related health outcomes.

Functional group interconversion, a pivotal synthetic technique for precise editing of molecular building blocks, is rare when facilitated by energy transfer catalysis. Herein, the authors report two instances of photochemical rearrangement of isonitriles, facilitated by energy transfer catalysis under visible light.