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Akincilar, Fidan et al. report a conserved role for telomerase reverse transcriptase in regulating inflammation via the cGAS–STING nucleic acid-sensing pathway in myeloid cells, independent of its telomerase activity.

This study examines the impact of herbivorous insects on biogeochemical cycling within forests. From a global network of 74 plots within 40 mature, undisturbed broadleaved forests, they show that background levels of insect herbivory are sufficiently large to alter both ecosystem element cycling and influence terrestrial carbon cycling.

Investigating the inner structure of baryons is important to further our understanding of the strong interaction. Here, the BESIII Collaboration extracts the absolute value of the ratio of the electric to magnetic form factors and its relative phase for e + e − → J/ψ → ΛΣ decays, enhancing the signal thanks to the vacuum polarisation effect at the J/ψ peak.

This report from the 1000 Genomes Project describes the genomes of 1,092 individuals from 14 human populations, providing a resource for common and low-frequency variant analysis in individuals from diverse populations; hundreds of rare non-coding variants at conserved sites, such as motif-disrupting changes in transcription-factor-binding sites, can be found in each individual.

The most up-to-date combination of results on the properties of the Higgs boson is reported, which indicate that its properties are consistent with the standard model predictions, within the precision achieved to date.

Li-rich oxides suffer from severe degradation in lithium-ion batteries. To investigate this, authors employ operando methodologies to follow microstructural changes and demonstrate that interlayer twinning structures and intralayer frustrations formed during cycling drive performance degradation.

The semileptonic decay channels of the Λc baryon can give important insights into weak interaction, but decay into a neutron, positron and electron neutrino has not been reported so far, due to difficulties in the final products’ identification. Here, the BESIII Collaboration reports its observation in e+e- collision data, exploiting machine-learning-based identification techniques.

Whole-genome sequencing data from more than 2,500 cancers of 38 tumour types reveal 16 signatures that can be used to classify somatic structural variants, highlighting the diversity of genomic rearrangements in cancer.

Whole-genome sequence data for 108 individuals representing 28 language groups across Australia and five language groups for Papua New Guinea suggests that Aboriginal Australians and Papuans diverged from Eurasian populations approximately 60–100 thousand years ago, following a single out-of-Africa dispersal and subsequent admixture with archaic populations.

Cell type labelling in single-cell datasets remains a major bottleneck. Here, the authors present AnnDictionary, an open-source toolkit that enables atlas-scale analysis and provides the first benchmark of LLMs for de novo cell type annotation from marker genes, showing high accuracy at low cost.

Analyses of five treponemal genomes representing ancient relatives of Treponema pallidum suggest that this pathogen originated in the Americas.

Many tumours exhibit hypoxia (low oxygen) and hypoxic tumours often respond poorly to therapy. Here, the authors quantify hypoxia in 1188 tumours from 27 cancer types, showing elevated hypoxia links to increased mutational load, directing evolutionary trajectories.

Spatially resolved images of M87 obtained at a wavelength of 3.5 mm in 2018 show a ring-like accretion structure, the inner (outer) edge of which connects the black hole (jet).

In this Perspective, members of the Aging Biomarker Consortium outline the X-Age Project, an Aging Biomarker Consortium plan for building standardized aging clocks in China. The authors discuss the project roadmap and its aims of decoding aging heterogeneity, detecting accelerated aging early and evaluating geroprotective interventions.

The CMS Collaboration reports the study of three simultaneous hard interactions between quarks and gluons in proton–proton collisions. This manifests through the concurrent production of three J/ψ mesons, which consist of a charm-quark–antiquark pair.

Zhenglin Yang, Xinghuai Sun and colleagues report the results of a genome-wide association study of primary open-angle glaucoma in East Asians. They show that common variants near ABCA1 and in PPM2 are associated with increased risk of this disease.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.

In this study the authors consider the structural variants (SVs) present within cancer cases of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. They report hundreds of genes, including known cancer-associated genes for which the nearby presence of a SV breakpoint is associated with altered expression.

Cancers evolve as they progress under differing selective pressures. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, the authors present the method TrackSig the estimates evolutionary trajectories of somatic mutational processes from single bulk tumour data.

1T-TaS2 possesses complex electronic phase behaviors in transition-metal di-chalcogenides, undergoing several charge-ordered phases before finally into an insulating state of unknown origin. Here, the authors determine its electronic and structural properties experimentally, revealing its origin.

Phosphorus addition alone reduces phosphorus-acquiring enzyme activities by 14%, while phosphorus combined with nitrogen addition boosts nitrogen-acquiring enzyme activities by 21%, according to a meta-analysis based on 155 field studies across various ecosystems.

Here the authors present a large genetic study in East Asians that identifies 97 genetic regions linked to kidney function. These findings aim at better understanding chronic kidney disease in diverse populations.

Tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality, and the rise of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires the urgent development of safe and effective treatments. In this work, the authors develop a compound against lysyl-tRNA synthetase, demonstrating on-target mechanism of action and efficacy in vivo.

Wood density is an important plant trait. Data from 1.1 million forest inventory plots and 10,703 tree species show a latitudinal gradient in wood density, with temperature and soil moisture explaining variation at the global scale and disturbance also having a role at the local level.

Liu et al. report the multi-site chelate effect using quercetin for Sn²⁺ and retarding crystallisation in FASnI₃-based optoelectronic synapse. 12 × 12 real-time NIR imaging array enables spatiotemporal information fusion for object recognition, enhancement, and motion perception in complex conditions.

Analyses of strain-resolved metagenomics with isolate sequencing data of skin samples from residents at nursing homes suggest that skin is a reservoir for Candida auris and other multidrug-resistant bacterial species.

The authors examine the impact of monthly unconditional cash transfers starting at childbirth on families with low incomes. Transfers had minimal effects on family processes and maternal wellbeing, but improved family incomes and time mothers spent doing enriching activities with their child.

In this study, Mainland and colleagues de-orphan 18 human odorant receptors and find that 68% of these receptors exhibit polymorphisms that affect their function in vitro. They also show that the polymorphisms in one these odorant receptors, OR10G4, affect odor intensity and valence perception thus linking the molecular functioning of a single odorant receptor to human olfactory perception.

Exsolved Nickel nanoparticles enhance the performance in energy conversion devices. Here, we report a nanoengineered vertically aligned nanostructure (VAN) that provides faster and more selective paths for Ni diffusion compared to traditional films.

Selection on alleles contributing to human evolution is not well understood. Here, the authors investigate positive selection on skin barrier adaptation, identifying a selective sweep on involucrin alleles associated with migration out of Africa, and confirming enhancer regulatory effects with functional assays.

Analysis of mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) by using whole-genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancer samples across 38 cancer types identifies hypermutated mtDNA cases, frequent somatic nuclear transfer of mtDNA and high variability of mtDNA copy number in many cancers.

Self-assemblies of polymers to form polymersomes in solution can be used as carriers for drug delivery, but it is challenging to control polymer crystallization to improve their mechanical stability. Here, Wang et al.show the formation of nanosized crystalsomes composed of polymer lamellar single crystals.

Multi-omics datasets pose major challenges to data interpretation and hypothesis generation owing to their high-dimensional molecular profiles. Here, the authors develop ActivePathways method, which uses data fusion techniques for integrative pathway analysis of multi-omics data and candidate gene discovery.

Similarities in cancers can be studied to interrogate their etiology. Here, the authors use genome-wide association study summary statistics from six cancer types based on 296,215 cases and 301,319 controls of European ancestry, showing that solid tumours arising from different tissues share a degree of common germline genetic basis.

Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a rare autoimmune disease of podocyte-directed antibodies, such as anti-phospholipase A2 receptor. Here, the authors report a genome-wide association study for MN and identify two previously unreported loci encompassing the NFKB1 and IRF4 genes and additional ancestry-specific effects.

This study reveals how vasopressin release in the lateral septum regulates social interaction and social aggression through distinct receptors, shedding light on the mechanisms behind autism-related social deficits.

High-brightness light-emitting diodes require high operating currents, which generate significant Joule heating and subsequent heat dissipation is an issue. This work demonstrates the growth of GaN-based light-emitting diodes directly on graphene oxide with a low thermal resistance for efficient heat removal.

A unified catalytic remote-directing template strategy enabled precise differentiation of remote and adjacent C6–H and C7–H bonds, and similar C3–H and C7–H bonds of a pharmaceutically relevant bicyclic aza-arene scaffold.

The CMS Collaboration reports evidence for off-shell Higgs boson contributions in the production of Z boson pairs, and measures the width of the Higgs boson, which is inversely related to its lifetime.

Chemical approaches to improve aqueous dispersions of conjugated polymers are limited by the feasibility of modifying the backbone or lead to poor performance. Here, Liu et al. show that ground-state electron transfer in donor:acceptor blends aids aqueous dispersion, for high conductivity and solubility.

Sun et al. report human lifespan changes in the brain’s functional connectome in 33,250 individuals, which highlights critical growth milestones and distinct maturation patterns and offers a normative reference for development, aging and diseases.

A design principle based on the curvature parameter provides important guidance for the design of capacitive deionization electrodes.

Viral pathogen load in cancer genomes is estimated through analysis of sequencing data from 2,656 tumors across 35 cancer types using multiple pathogen-detection pipelines, identifying viruses in 382 genomic and 68 transcriptome datasets.

The goals, resources and design of the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) programme are described, and analyses of rare variants detected in the first 53,831 samples provide insights into mutational processes and recent human evolutionary history.