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A benchmark of expert-level academic questions to assess AI capabilities

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Long Phan
Alice Gatti
Davide Scaramuzza
ResearchOpen Access28 Jan 2026
Nature

Volume: 649, P: 1139-1146
Succinate drives gut inflammation by promoting FOXP3 degradation through a molecular switch

Fang and colleagues show that the metabolite succinate can inhibit succinylation, and consequently protection from ubiquitin-mediated degradation, of the transcription factor FOXP3, with consequences on T_reg cell-suppressive function and IBD pathology.

Hai Wang
Danqing Hu
Deyu Fang
Research02 Jun 2025
Nature Immunology

Volume: 26, P: 866-880
SUMOylation of Rho-associated protein kinase 2 induces goblet cell metaplasia in allergic airways

Allergic asthma is characterized by goblet cell metaplasia. Here, the authors show protein SUMOylation contributes to goblet cell metaplasia and SUMOylation-mediated ROCK2 activation is an integral component of Rho/ROCK signalling pathway in controlling the airway goblet cell metaplasia.

Dan Tan
Meiping Lu
Ximei Wu
ResearchOpen Access01 Jul 2023
Nature Communications

Volume: 14, P: 1-15
Clinical outcomes of conversion surgery following neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in potentially resectable stage IIIA/IIIB non-small cell lung

Yana Qi
Yulan Sun
Hongbo Guo
ResearchOpen Access26 May 2025
Scientific Reports

Volume: 15, P: 1-10
Obstructive sleep apnea mediates genetic risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Hispanic and Latino communities

Hrytsenko et al. analyze the role of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in diabetes mellitus (DM) risk using polygenic risk scores and mendelian randomization in a Hispanic and Latino community. Results reveal that OSA mediates the genetic risk for DM and there is a bidirectional causal relationship between OSA and DM.

Yana Hrytsenko
Brian W. Spitzer
Tamar Sofer
ResearchOpen Access25 Sept 2025
Communications Medicine

Volume: 5, P: 1-14
Correction: Decoy-PROTAC for specific degradation of “Undruggable” STAT3 transcription factor

Shiqing Li
Xin Wang
Huanghao Yang
Amendments and CorrectionsOpen Access23 Jul 2025
Cell Death & Disease

Volume: 16, P: 1-4
Effects of surfactin stress on gene expression and pathological changes in Spodoptera litura

Feiyan Zhang
Qiuyue Liu
Liping Zhang
ResearchOpen Access05 Dec 2024
Scientific Reports

Volume: 14, P: 1-16
GeneCompass: deciphering universal gene regulatory mechanisms with a knowledge-informed cross-species foundation model

Xiaodong Yang
Guole Liu
Xin Li
ResearchOpen Access08 Oct 2024
Cell Research

Volume: 34, P: 830-845
Decoy-PROTAC for specific degradation of “Undruggable” STAT3 transcription factor

Shiqing Li
Xin Wang
Huanghao Yang
ResearchOpen Access21 Mar 2025
Cell Death & Disease

Volume: 16, P: 1-14
Refining antipsychotic treatment strategies in schizophrenia: discovery of genetic biomarkers for enhanced drug response prediction

Luan Chen
Cong Huai
Shengying Qin
Research19 Nov 2024
Molecular Psychiatry

Volume: 30, P: 2362-2371
Targeting serine hydroxymethyltransferases 1 and 2 for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy

Yana Pikman
Nicole Ocasio-Martinez
Kimberly Stegmaier
ResearchOpen Access02 Aug 2021
Leukemia

Volume: 36, P: 348-360
AIM2 promotes the development of non-small cell lung cancer by modulating mitochondrial dynamics

Miao Qi
Dan Dai
Huanjie Shao
Research31 Jan 2020
Oncogene

Volume: 39, P: 2707-2723
Development and validation of a prediction model on severe maternal outcomes among pregnant women with pre-eclampsia: a 10-year cohort study

Jing Tan
Min Yang
Xin Sun
ResearchOpen Access24 Sept 2020
Scientific Reports

Volume: 10, P: 1-11
The pattern of gestational weight gains among Chinese women: a repeated measure analysis

Jing Tan
Yan Ren
Xinghui Liu
ResearchOpen Access26 Oct 2018
Scientific Reports

Volume: 8, P: 1-9
A simple high throughput assay to evaluate water consumption in the fruit fly

Man-Tat Lau
Yong Qi Lin
G. Gregory Neely
ResearchOpen Access01 Dec 2017
Scientific Reports

Volume: 7, P: 1-10

Search

A benchmark of expert-level academic questions to assess AI capabilities

Succinate drives gut inflammation by promoting FOXP3 degradation through a molecular switch

SUMOylation of Rho-associated protein kinase 2 induces goblet cell metaplasia in allergic airways

Clinical outcomes of conversion surgery following neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in potentially resectable stage IIIA/IIIB non-small cell lung

Obstructive sleep apnea mediates genetic risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Hispanic and Latino communities

Correction: Decoy-PROTAC for specific degradation of “Undruggable” STAT3 transcription factor

Effects of surfactin stress on gene expression and pathological changes in Spodoptera litura

GeneCompass: deciphering universal gene regulatory mechanisms with a knowledge-informed cross-species foundation model

Decoy-PROTAC for specific degradation of “Undruggable” STAT3 transcription factor

Refining antipsychotic treatment strategies in schizophrenia: discovery of genetic biomarkers for enhanced drug response prediction

Targeting serine hydroxymethyltransferases 1 and 2 for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy

AIM2 promotes the development of non-small cell lung cancer by modulating mitochondrial dynamics

Development and validation of a prediction model on severe maternal outcomes among pregnant women with pre-eclampsia: a 10-year cohort study

The pattern of gestational weight gains among Chinese women: a repeated measure analysis

A simple high throughput assay to evaluate water consumption in the fruit fly

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