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Folding of abundant, complex proteins can begin during their synthesis. Here, Sabbarini et al. show that the conserved protein Ypl225w (Chp1) functions as a co-translational chaperone for eEF1A and identify a role for NAC in the process as a recruitment factor.

Virtual optical waveguide can be potentially utilised in variety of applications that require in situ light steering yet the efficacy is still unclear. Here, the authors show that ultrasonically-sculpted virtual gradient-index waveguides are effective in guiding and confining light inside tissue and other scattering media, and significantly outperform external lenses at this task.

Conventional crystallography focuses on structurally-ordered systems, where interesting physics or novel material functions emerge. Here, Overy et al. propose an approach of designing functional materials with strongly correlated disorder, which can couple with phonons to affect lattice dynamics.

A large-scale programmable quantum simulation is described, using a D-Wave quantum processor to simulate a two-dimensional magnetic lattice in the vicinity of a topological phase transition.

Simulating molecular adsorption on surfaces presents considerable challenges, as computational methods typically suffer from either insufficient accuracy or prohibitive computational costs. Now, with an open-source multilevel embedding approach, adsorption processes on the surfaces of ionic materials can be modelled routinely with an accuracy comparable to that of experiments.

Whole-genome sequencing data for 2,778 cancer samples from 2,658 unique donors across 38 cancer types is used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of cancer, revealing that driver mutations can precede diagnosis by several years to decades.

Quantum mechanics predicts that objects can simultaneously exist in a superposition of two states. Kneeet al.propose and demonstrate experimentally a protocol which fully confirms this prediction, by testing the so-called Leggett–Garg inequality in a non-invasive manner.

We integrate approximately one million aerial site measurements into regional emissions inventories for six regions in the USA, finding methane emission intensities that vary by more than a factor of ten.

Smoking-associated DNA methylation changes in whole blood have been reported by many EWAS. Here, the authors use a cell-type deconvolution algorithm to identify cell-type specific DNA methylation signals in seven EWAS, identifying lineage-specific smoking-associated DNA methylation changes.

The authors demonstrate efficient excitation of nanodiamonds by a focused beam of helium ions, resulting in ionoluminescence. They use this for quantification and correlative localization of single particles within a whole cell at sub-30 nm resolution, and investigate nanodiamond radiosensitisation effects.

Understanding liquid behavior is a challenge due to their disorder nature and rapid molecular rearrangements. Here, the authors show how weak interactions between OH groups and aromatic rings can participate in cooperative mechanisms that give rise to highly structured molecular arrangements in the liquid state.

Enzymatic recycling is an emerging technology to circularize the ubiquitous polyester poly(ethylene terephthalate). Here the authors evaluate and implement multiple process changes to improve the scalability and viability of this recycling technology. Process modeling demonstrates that these changes could enable cost competitiveness and greatly reduce overall life cycle impacts.

Phylogenetic statistical analyses, biophysical models and information from the fossil record show that an evolutionary signal of natural selection acted to increase the flight efficiency of pterosaurs over millions of years.

A machine learning system leveraging a vision transformer and supervised contrastive learning accurately decodes elements of intraoperative surgical activity from videos commonly collected during robotic surgeries.

Using experimental and modelling evidence, this study reveals that small coral populations face fertilization failure due to Allee effects. The findings identify critical population thresholds needed to maintain reproductive success.

The Nuclear-physics and Multi-Messenger Astrophysics framework, NMMA, combines multiple information from neutron stars and neutron star mergers. Here, the authors show an update of the NMMA framework to constrain neutron star equation of state by simultaneously analyzing multi-messenger observations.

CellDMC finds cell type–specific differential methylation in mixtures of cells, including epithelial tissues, and scenarios in which methylation changes in opposite directions in different cell types.

Integral equations are used in science and engineering to model complex systems with non-local dependencies; however, existing traditional and machine-learning-based methods cannot yield accurate or efficient solutions in several complex cases. Zappala and colleagues introduce a neural-network-based method that can learn an integral operator and its dynamics from data, demonstrating higher accuracy or scalability compared with several state-of-the-art methods.

Southern Ocean surface waters near Australia emerged as a major source of CO₂ during the last deglaciation due to shifting ecology and circulation, according a proxy record of seawater pH based on boron isotopes covering the past 25,000 years.

Detailed knowledge of how strain influences catalytic reactions remains elusive. Here, the authors experimentally measure the strain in supported Pt nanoparticles on alumina and ceria with atomic resolution and computationally explore how the strain affects the CO oxidation reaction.

Little is known about the evolution of the feeding ecology of coral reef fishes. Here, Bellwood et al.show that the tooth shape of coral reef fishes has remained unchanged for 240 million years, with the exception of the emergence of a distinct long-toothed form within the last 40 million years.

The transverse tarsal arch, acting through the inter-metatarsal tissues, is important for the longitudinal stiffness of the foot and its appearance is a key step in the evolution of human bipedalism.

Catalysis of simple organic carbon molecules into complex macromolecules by Fe and Mn may play a fundamental role in organic carbon preservation, to a degree that could substantially affect the Earth’s carbon and oxygen cycles.

Spatially resolved JWST spectroscopy of a massive, quiescent galaxy at a redshift of ~4 reveals that it formed its stars and quenched rapidly, despite being surrounded by an abundant gas reservoir and gravitationally bound to a star-bursting companion.

Competing metallophilic and electrostatic interactions between gold and/or silver cyanide chains govern their assembly into different structures. An analogy has now been drawn between these systems and two-dimensional magnets. Supramolecular interactions between the chains have been tuned to mimic different magnetic interactions, leading to the realization of complex states predicted for magnets.

New technologies assay tissue slices for cell locations and molecular markers, aiding in the study of tissue cellular organisation. Here, authors develop an experimental design method to improve the cost-efficiency of spatial genomics experiments by iteratively selecting the most informative tissue slices.

Using ocean profiling floats, researchers found that seasonal mixed layer pump exports more carbon to the deep ocean in low-latitude regions than previously thought—75% more than earlier estimates—revealing an underappreciated carbon pathway.

The Southern Ocean seasonal ice zone can be divided into 3 dynamical regimes based on the magnitude and sign of the mean submesoscale vertical heat flux using instrumented seal data.

Deep learning-based generative tools are used to design protein building blocks with well-defined directional bonding interactions, allowing the generation of a variety of scalable protein assemblies from a small set of reusable subunits.

Aligning foundation models with human judgments enables them to more accurately approximate human behaviour and uncertainty across various levels of visual abstraction, while additionally improving their generalization performance.

ALL-conformations, a dataset capturing the full range of experimentally observed conformations of CDR loops, T cell and antibody regions interacting with antigen targets, is introduced. ITsFlexible—a deep learning tool trained on this new dataset—advances predictions of immune receptor structural dynamics.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Smeland et al. demonstrate greater genetic overlap between neurological and psychiatric disorders than previously recognized, along with diverse neurobiological associations. The findings support a more integrated view of brain-related illness.

Quantum annealers have been used to study equilibrium states of condensed matter models and recently extended to 1D quantum quench dynamics. Here the authors use a quantum annealer to study the quench dynamics of 2D quantum spin models that are hard to simulate classically.

Here, the authors extend the Fabric model to accommodate correlation between a trait and covarying traits, demonstrating how inferences about the evolution of brain size change when accounting for body size across 1504 mammalian species.

Qubit-based simulations of gauge theories are challenging as gauge fields require high-dimensional encoding. Now a quantum electrodynamics model has been demonstrated using trapped-ion qudits, which encode information in multiple states of ions.

Using a quantum annealing processor to study three-dimensional spin glasses demonstrates an accurate large-scale quantum simulation of critical dynamics and a scaling advantage over analogous classical methods for energy optimization.

School-based non-pharmaceutical interventions were widely used for COVID-19 control. Here, the authors use simulations to investigate how the potential effectiveness of these interventions can vary depending on the relative contribution of community and school-based transmission.

Although amorphous calcium carbonate represents an important biomineralization precursor, its structure has been difficult to understand. Now, amorphous calcium carbonate’s structure is shown to arise from the different bridging modes available to the calcium ions. This effective multi-well potential that drives calcium arrangements creates a geometric incompatibility between preferred Ca–Ca distances and frustrates crystallization.

Pressure overload in the heart, such as from aortic stenosis, triggers early molecular changes before visible damage occurs. Here, the authors show that combining proteomics, transcriptomics, and genetic data reveals key drivers of heart failure, highlighting potential targets for treatment.

Groundwater springs formed during the retreat of a melting glacier are likely hotspots of methane emissions in the high Arctic according to measurements of methane concentrations in springs recently formed in central Svalbard.

Three-nucleon coupling strength in effective field theories of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) are typically constrained using few-body data. Here, authors leverage efficient computational techniques to determine such couplings from multi-messenger neutron star observations.

In this study, the authors use a dataset of stable isotope compositions of otoliths from Atlantic bluefin tuna to infer the thermal sensitivity of metabolic performance in their first year of life. They then assess the likely trajectories of tuna production until end century under differing emission scenarios in their two main spawning grounds, the western Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.

Here, the authors present fossilized neural traits from the lower Cambrian euarthropod Jianfengia multisegmentalis, including structured eyestalks and compound eyes, that resolve multiple phylogenetic relationships within Euarthropoda.

Hysteresis often exists in the characterization of methylammonium lead halide-based solar cells, but is not well understood. Here, the authors use quasielastic neutron scattering to study the dynamics of dipolar organic cations and shed light on the hysteresis behaviour.

Analysis of the pulse profile of a fast radio burst showed sub-second periodicity, providing evidence for a neutron-star origin of the event and favouring emission arising from the magnetosphere.

Using epigenome-wide mediation analyses to investigate DNA methylation as a path between adversity and depression, the authors found 31 cytosine–guanine dinucleotides (CpGs) associated with risk and 39 CpGs associated with protective effects.