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Estimating both current and future environmental impacts of global mariculture production on marine biodiversity, the authors show that, with strategic planning, it is possible to increase finfish and bivalve production to meet global demand while also achieving decreases in cumulative impacts to marine biodiversity by up to 30.5% in 2050.

Genome-wide analyses of ancient DNA from individuals from California and Mexico shed light on the spread of Mexican ancestry to California and how it correlates with linguistic flow.

Device-to-device and cycle-to-cycle variations and leakage in memristor crossbar arrays can be alleviated with a memory cell design that uses the ratio of the resistances of two memristors to encode information, rather than the absolute resistance of a single memristor.

The most common protein modification in eukaryotes is N-terminal acetylation, but its functional impact has remained enigmatic. Here, the authors find that a key role for N-terminal acetylation is shielding proteins from ubiquitin ligase-mediated degradation, mediating motility and longevity.

By exploiting the nonlinear and analogue tuning properties of memristors, robust security primitives can be fabricated using integrated memristive crossbar circuits.

Some cancer patients first present with metastases where the location of the primary is unidentified; these are difficult to treat. In this study, using machine learning, the authors develop a method to determine the tissue of origin of a cancer based on whole sequencing data.

Whole-genome sequencing, transcriptome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in over 7,000 individuals with critical COVID-19 are used to identify 16 independent variants that are associated with severe illness in COVID-19.

The effective design of cold-start enzyme libraries to balance fitness and diversity enables access to enzyme variants that are readily evolvable and close to the optima in the fitness landscape. Here, the authors develop MODIFY (machine learning-optimized library design with improved fitness and diversity), a machine learning algorithm to co-optimize expected fitness and sequence diversity of starting libraries, enhancing the efficiency of directed evolution in enzyme engineering.

Ilievski et al. examine differences and similarities in the various ways human and AI systems generalize. The insights are important for effectively supporting alignment in human–AI teams.

A high-resolution, global atlas of mortality of children under five years of age between 2000 and 2017 highlights subnational geographical inequalities in the distribution, rates and absolute counts of child deaths by age.

In the I-SPY2.2 trial, patients with high-risk stage 2/3 breast cancer received neoadjuvant datopotamab–deruxtecan plus durvalumab, followed by sequential chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy, with the option of early surgical resection after each block of therapy, showing that de-escalation of therapy is possible for several patient subgroups without compromising outcome and avoiding toxicity of standard chemotherapy.

The complex jagged trajectory of fractured surfaces of two pieces of forensic evidence is used to recognize a match by using comparative microscopy. Here the authors leveraged statistical analysis of the surface topography to provide a quantitative description of the fracture surface, enabling forensic article comparisons with quantified probabilities.

Despite their complexity, ecological networks appear robust to species loss. Here, Strona and Lafferty use artificial life simulations and real-world data to show that such robustness applies to stable conditions, but can collapse when the environment changes.

Two below-threshold surface code memories on superconducting processors markedly reduce logical error rates, achieving high efficiency and real-time decoding, indicating potential for practical large-scale fault-tolerant quantum algorithms.

This study demonstrates the evaluation of groundwater-dependent vegetation responses to changes in the depth to groundwater based on satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index, a simple and practical approach that supports water and conservation management.

Samples of different body regions from hundreds of human donors are used to study how genetic variation influences gene expression levels in 44 disease-relevant tissues.

Crystal polymorphism plays an important role in pharmaceuticals, agrisciences and other industries. Here the authors present an efficient and accurate crystal structure prediction method with large scale validation and blind test.

Post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), also known as long COVID is a chronic and often debilitating condition that develops following acute disease. Here authors show that individuals who suffer from PASC symptoms at six month following infection are characterized by persisting immunological disfunction, affecting cellular and humoral components of mucosal immunity.

This study develops a wide-ranging index to assess the many factors that contribute to the health and benefits of the oceans, and the scores for all costal nations are assessed.

Current specialized function gradient computing hardware is not scalable to common higher-order functions. This work reports an approach for massively parallel gradient calculations of high-degree polynomials. Solving a Boolean satisfiability problem was experimentally implemented on an in-memory computing circuit.

Food web responses to species losses have the potential to cascade to ecosystem services. Here the authors apply ecological network robustness modelling to ecosystem services in salt marsh ecosystems, finding that species with supporting roles are critical to robustness of both food webs and ecosystem services.

Empirically based models of disease progression in familial frontotemporal dementia reveal the relative ordering of clinical, neuroimaging, and fluid biomarker changes and facilitate novel clinical trial designs

The authors defined a roadmap for investigating the genetic covariance between structural or functional brain phenotypes and risk for psychiatric disorders. Their proof-of-concept study using the largest available common variant data sets for schizophrenia and volumes of several (mainly subcortical) brain structures did not find evidence of genetic overlap.

Using a globally coordinated strategic conservation framework to plan an increase in ocean protection through marine protected areas can yield benefits for biodiversity, food provisioning and carbon storage.

Forecasting models have been used extensively to inform decision making during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this preregistered and prospective study, the authors evaluated 14 short-term models for Germany and Poland, finding considerable heterogeneity in predictions and highlighting the benefits of combined forecasts.

Cognitive control is fundamental to human intelligence, yet the principles constraining the neural dynamics of cognitive control remain elusive. Here, the authors use network control theory to demonstrate that the structure of brain networks dictates their functional role in controlling dynamics.

Methods to identify bacterial cell surface adaptations are limited. The authors combine phage display with high-throughput DNA sequencing to create a highly-multiplexed technology for surveying bacterial cell surfaces.

The authors here investigate in the susceptibility of coastal aquifers to seawater intrusion. Based on 20 years’ worth of observational data, the study finds that 15% of the US coastline is affected by landward hydraulic gradients conducive to seawater intrusion.

For architectures with local connectivity, the surface code has been the leading approach to constructing fault-tolerant logical qubits, but typically requires over 1000 physical qubits per logical qubit. Here, the authors introduce a hierarchical code that maintains the same connectivity requirements as the surface code while reducing the physical qubit overhead by up to a factor of three.

The nucleus accumbens is a key region in rewarding and aversive behaviors. Here, authors show that nucleus accumbens shell D1- and D2-MSNs were similarly co-recruited during appetitive and aversive conditioning, yet D2-MSNs appeared to be more relevant for the extinction of aversive associations.

Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is a rare and fatal disease with a heterogeneous treatment response. Here the authors show that unsupervised machine learning of whole blood transcriptomes from 359 patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension identifies 3 subgroups (endophenotypes) that improve risk stratification and provide new molecular insights.

Fishing has had a profound impact on global reef shark populations, and the absence or presence of sharks is strongly correlated with national socio-economic conditions and reef governance.

In this article the authors develop “Tumoroscope" to map cancer clones by integrating pathology images, exome sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics. It reveals spatial clone patterns and clone-specific gene expression in prostate and breast cancer, advancing tumor heterogeneity analysis.

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) are able to identify faces on par with humans. Here, the authors record neuronal activity from higher visual areas in humans and show that face-selective responses in the brain show similarity to those in the intermediate layers of the DCNN.

Computers equipped with a comprehensive knowledge-base of mechanistic steps augmented by physical-organic chemistry rules, as well as quantum mechanical and kinetic calculations, can use a reaction-network approach to analyse the mechanisms of cationic rearrangements.

Analysis of a new annually resolved, multi-method, palaeoproxy-derived reconstruction ensemble for the period 1200–2000 suggests that recent variability in the Pacific Walker circulation is unusual but not unprecedented over the past 800 years.

Physical realizations of qubits are often vulnerable to leakage errors, where the system ends up outside the basis used to store quantum information. A leakage removal protocol can suppress the impact of leakage on quantum error-correcting codes.

Bhattacharjee and Schaeffer et al. map exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in 94 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), finding increased EBF practice and reduced subnational variation across the majority of LMICs from 2000 to 2018. However, only six LMICs will meet WHO’s target of ≥70% EBF by 2030 nationally, and only three will achieve this in all districts.

An analysis of the Drosophila connectome yields all cell types intrinsic to the optic lobe, and their rules of connectivity.

Cancer genetics has benefited from the advent of next generation sequencing, yet a comparison of sequencing and analysis techniques is lacking. Here, the authors sequence a normal-tumour pair and perform data analysis at multiple institutes and highlight some of the pitfalls associated with the different methods.

Real-time inference of collisions using unsupervised AI for discovery is of interest in particle physics. Here, authors present the training and efficient implementation of a decision tree-based autoencoder used as an anomaly detector that executes at 30 ns on FPGA for use in edge computing.

Comparing data on genetic monitoring efforts across Europe with the distributions of areas at species’ climatic niche margins, the authors show that monitoring efforts should be expanded to populations at trailing niche margins to include genetic variation that may prove important for adaptation to ongoing climate warming.