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A study of several longitudinal birth cohorts and cross-sectional cohorts finds only moderate overlap in genetic variants between autism that is diagnosed earlier and that diagnosed later, so they may represent aetiologically different conditions.

While learning a typing task, epilepsy patients show higher hippocampal ripple rates during brief rest breaks than while typing. These ‘offline’ ripples predict gains in speed, suggesting that ripples contribute to motor learning during wakeful rest.

The activity and stability of supported metal catalysts is in large part influenced by their interaction with the support. Now, neural network molecular dynamics simulations are combined with interpretable machine learning to reveal the governing factors of metal–support interactions for Pt nanoparticles on various oxide supports, identifying key features and proposing sinter-resistant supports.

Bennett et al. conducted a population-based study in adolescents and young adults with gliomas, revealing the specific molecular alterations and identifying potential subclassifications and targets.

In this Review, Nicholas Chew and colleagues use epidemiological data on the cardiovascular–liver–metabolic disease syndemic to illustrate current and future projections on the burden of these diseases and their risk factors, and propose a unified framework for integrating and implementing effective multisystem interventions to tackle key components of this syndemic.

Disruption of mucin-domain glycoprotein expression and function in the endothelial glycocalyx are associated with ageing and Alzheimer’s disease, leading to dysregulated blood–brain barrier function.

Using mathematical modeling of RSV and hMPV, this study found lowered transmissibility of hMPV and suppressive effects on hMPV transmission. Peak timing and magnitude of hMPV may shift due to RSV interventions, but the overall burden is small.

Here, the authors present a timeline of human influence on the ecology of the Upano Valley (Ecuador) spanning the last 2770 years. They demonstrate how Pre- and Post- Columbian of maize cultivation and changing patterns of land use have produced a distinct forest composition today.

Thick alluvial fan sediments from the core of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province have been considered as critical field evidence in support of plume-induced pre-volcanic doming and uplift. These sediments are now reinterpreted as mafic hydromagmatic deposits emplaced at sea level, precluding dynamic pre-volcanic uplift as predicted by mantle plume models.

In human spinal ligament tissue exposed to high stress, fibrotic regions displaying elevated Rho-associated kinase signalling and an increased density of myofibroblasts expressing smooth muscle actin α contribute to degenerative spinal disease.

Cellular damage promotes sleep in C. elegans via Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors in sleep-promoting neurons, but the ligand was unknown. Here, the authors identify an EGFR ligand that is shed from damaged tissues by the protease ADM-4/ADAM17 to promote sleep.

Similar physical processes regulate the angular momentum of gas-giant planets and planetary-mass brown dwarfs. These processes are active mostly during the early phase of planetary evolution as rotation rates do not change after the first 2–300 Myr.

Systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study reported that, despite global improvements from 1990 to 2021, dietary iron deficiency-associated disease burden remains high in women, children and residents in low socio-demographic index countries.

In-mold electronics often rely on vacuum forming processes, which are traditionally limited to thermoplastics. Here, the authors introduce a vacuum forming method for thermoset materials using frontal polymerization.

Peesh et al. show that ischemic stroke reduces microbiota-derived and increases host-derived aryl (AHR) hydrocarbon ligands. Post-stroke treatment with indole-based AHR ligands improved microglia-mediated antigen processing and co-stimulatory immune functions.

Study shows PTSD predisposition shares distinct genes and genomic regions with several cardiovascular conditions. Here the findings reveal neuronal, immune, and metabolic pathways, and repurposed drug targets that further the understanding of the comorbidity.

Previously, OLIG2-expressing stems cells have been identified as having a role in medulloblastoma recurrence. Here, the authors investigate the effects of targeting this OLIG2+ stem cell population in Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastoma using CT-179, an OLIG2 inhibitor.

Uroz et al. report that the distinct mechanical properties of brain vasculature versus parenchyma drive cancer cell migration through a talin-dependent mechanism, enabling vessel co-option and metastatic invasion in the brain.

Using historic measles epidemiological data from England and Wales in a competing-risks framework, the authors find that metapopulation aggregation in neighbouring towns and cities played an important role in driving national dynamics in the prevaccination era.

Here the authors show in a case-control study with more than 800 children that HIV indirectly affects early post-discharge growth in children recovering from severe malnutrition by impacting baseline anthropometry and altering proteins key to bone mineralisation, growth signalling, and humoral immune response.

A comprehensive analysis of the cell-specific molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying post-traumatic stress disorder in the human prefrontal cortex.

This study reports on biologically sourced polymuconate polymers with weakened C–C backbone bonds, designed for closed-loop chemical recycling to monomers. Synthesized via free-radical polymerization, these materials achieve tunable mechanical properties comparable to those of commercial plastics. A techno-economic analysis shows that recycling significantly reduces costs and environmental impacts, enhancing the competitiveness of these polymers in the sustainable plastics market.

Li, Lu et al. demonstrate that O-GlcNAcylation enhances angiogenic transdifferentiation from fibroblasts to endothelial cells through a HIRA-dependent H3.3 deposition mechanism and facilitates vascular regeneration.

Assessing brain aging heterogeneity in a cohort of 49,482 individuals from 11 studies, a generative model identifies five dominant patterns of brain atrophy, with specific associations with biomedical, lifestyle and genetic factors.

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are a common brain-imaging feature of cerebral small vessel disease. Here, the authors carry out a GWAS and followup analyses for WMH-volume, implicating several variants with potential for risk stratification and drug targeting.

It is reported that measles epidemics in Niger are unexpectedly episodic, and it is shown through modelling that powerful seasonality in transmission generates high amplitude, chaotic epidemics, with potentially important consequences for vaccine-based control strategies.

The authors show PTEN mutations, which can cause both congenital hydrocephalus and autism spectrum disorder, disrupt CSF homeostasis and brain connectivity in mice. Reducing mTORC1 activation ameliorates ventricular enlargement and neuronal deficits.

A transcriptomics study demonstrates cell-type-specific responses to differentially aged blood and shows young blood to have restorative and rejuvenating effects that may be invoked through enhanced mitochondrial function.

An online training module that synergistically targets two different mindsets can reduce stress levels in adolescents in the context of social-evaluative stressors—stressful experiences in which individuals fear that others are judging them negatively.

Conodonts, early vertebrates, are thought to have evolved complex tooth tissue as an adaptation for feeding. Here, the authors use Electron Backscatter Diffraction to show increasing dental crystallographic order through conodont evolution, in parallel with dietary adaptations.

Bacteria produce antibacterials to aid competition in complex communities. Here, the authors show that class II microcins, an understudied group of secreted antibacterials, are abundant, with diverse sequences and antibacterial characteristics.