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A single-cell multiomic immune cell atlas from 235 Japanese, including patients with COVID-19 and healthy individuals, linked with host genetics including germline and somatic mutation, plasma proteomics and metagenomics data reveals that immune cells are dynamically regulated in a cell state-dependent manner.

Xu et al. perform a whole-genome CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screen using directed differentiation systems. They find that MEN1 and SUZ12 modulate human developmental timing by epigenetically controlling bivalent promoters of developmental genes.

With the cost of noble metal oxygen-reduction catalysts rendering some fuel cells and batteries prohibitively expensive, the search for effective and cheaper catalysts is underway and would be speeded up by ‘design principles’. Now, the catalytic activity of oxide materials has been correlated to σ*-orbital occupation and the extent of metal–oxygen covalency.

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, Chen et al. show how the relationship between emotion regulation and mental health varies across cultures, identifying moderators such as indulgence, individualism and uncertainty avoidance.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been implicated in anti-PIT-1 hypophysitis, an autoimmune disease, but direct evidence is lacking. Here the authors use induced pluripotent stem cells to generate pituitary organoid and find that CTL-mediating killing is only evident in autologous organoid/CTL co-culture, thereby supporting CTL functions in this disease.

The role of polyclonal competition in immunotherapy response is poorly understood. Here, the authors perform multiregional sequencing of a metastatic urothelial carcinoma patient that exhibited different treatment responses to anti-PD-1 therapy at each tumour site and identify distinct cancer-related properties.

The XRISM Resolve spectrum of the galactic neutron star X-ray binary, GX 13+1, reveals one of the densest winds ever seen in absorption lines.

Sepsis induces a period of immunosuppression which can be problematic in the face of subsequent infectious challenge. Here the authors show the presence of PD-L1 expressing regulatory plasma cells that can inhibit T cells in a murine model and in patients with sepsis.

Analysis of the blood DNA virome in patients with COVID-19 and autoimmune disease associates endogenous HHV-6 (eHHV-6) and high anellovirus load with increased disease risk, most notably for systemic lupus erythematosus. eHHV-6 carriers show a distinct immune response.

The influence that actin network density has on protein penetration and dynamics is unclear. The authors show that the density of actin networks determines how actin-binding proteins interact with and deform the network, and how specific protein functions are regulated by actin density.

A genome-wide association study highlights a variant in DOCK2, which is common in East Asian populations but rare in Europeans, as a host genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19.

Genetic mechanisms influencing COVID-19 susceptibility are not well understood. Here, the authors analyzed whole blood RNA-seq data of 465 Japanese individuals with COVID-19, highlighting thousands of fine-mapped variants affecting expression and splicing of genes, as well as the presence of COVID-19 severity-interaction eQTLs.

The spins in quantum magnets couple to each other through an exchange interaction. Here, the authors show that a weak coupling between neighbouring spins called the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction can give rise to topological behaviour in the archetypal quantum magnet strontium copper borate.

A way of reversibly sticking together polymer sheets that are only a molecule thick allows the creation of flexible 'sandwiches' with different adhesive 'fillings'. These crystalline sandwiches may lead to the bulk production of functional materials in areas such as molecular recognition, separation and catalysis.

Mobilization of immature neutrophils (imNeu) can migrate from bone marrow (BM) to circulation and inflamed tissues. However, the mechanism of its mobilization and function remains unknown. Here the authors identify ILC1 mediates IL-10 producing imNeu mobilization to inflamed tissue via IFN-γ, thus tempering the acute inflammation.

Iron nitride (Fe₄N) is detected on magnetite particles within the Ryugu sample returned by Hayabusa2. It is probably the product of impacts of nitrogen-rich dust from the outer Solar System on the surface of Ryugu, indicative of a flux of N-rich dust in the inner Solar System.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 73 Japanese patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 75 healthy controls were analyzed using single-cell transcriptomics. Combining these data with genotyping data highlights the interplay between host genetics and the immune response in modulating disease severity.

Fetal cell ablation models are essential for congenital disease modeling and organ regeneration. Here, the authors develop a rodent inducible caspase 9 model that enables rapid, specific, and efficient cell ablation, characterize its features, and apply it to generate a novel kidney disease model.

Naomichi Matsumoto and colleagues report mutations in the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex in Coffin-Siris syndrome. Twenty affected individuals (87%) harbored mutations in one of six SWI/SNF subunit genes: SMARCB1, SMARCA4, SMARCA2, SMARCE1, ARID1A or ARID1B.

Spontaneous magnon decay in canted antiferromagnets has been theoretically investigated extensively, but experimental evidence is limited. Here the authors study the spin ½ antiferromagnet DLCB via neutron scattering, revealing field-induced spontaneous magnon decay associated with three-magnon interactions.

A close-up look at the action of space weathering on carbonaceous asteroids, provided by Ryugu’s returned samples, highlights its role on the dehydration of the first micrometre-thick layer of the surface, possibly hiding a water-rich interior. The depth of the 2.7 µm hydration band may be an indication of the level of space weathering withstood by a C-type asteroid.

Human pluripotent stem cells are differentiated into CD32b⁺ putative liver sinusoidal progenitors and liver bud organoids using an inverted multilayered air–liquid interface culture.

In the phase 3 CEPHEUS trial, patients with transplant-ineligible or transplant-deferred newly diagnosed multiple myeloma were treated with subcutaneous daratumumab plus bortezomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone (D-VRd), which led to a significantly deeper and more durable increase in minimal residual disease responses compared with the control arm of VRd.

Using more than 100 independent iPSC lines derived from patients with Alzheimer’s disease, the authors discovered loci associated with the neuronal production of amyloid β and confirmed their influence using RNA interference.

Electron microscopy typically requires strong magnetic lenses in order to reach atomic resolution, prohibiting the possibility to measure magnetic materials. The authors here present a lens design that enables atomic-resolution electron microscopy of magnetic materials by providing a field-free sample region.

Many causative genes are known for epileptic or developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (EE/DEE) yet a genetic diagnosis cannot be made for many patients. Here, the authors analyse whole exome sequencing data from a Japanese case−control cohort to identify common, rare and ultra-rare coding variants associated with EE/DEE.

The field-reversal configuration (FRC) represents a fusion device concept capable of high power density with a compact geometry. Here, the authors report on the generation and sustainment of a FRC by means of neutral beam injection in the C-2W machine at TAE technologies. This contributes towards establishing FRC as an alternative economic fusion device.

Applications of hPSC-derived organoids have been hampered by limited organoid size and function. Here, authors report that treatment with IL1α, a placenta-derived factor, under hypoxia induces progenitor expansion in the hPSC-derived liver organoids.

In a new study, Yasuhiro Kobayashi and his colleagues show that noncanonical Wnt signaling regulates balanced osteoblast-induced osteoclastogenesis during normal physiology and that this pathway is perturbed in pathophysiological states, such as rheumatoid arthritis. These results explain further how osteoblasts cross-talk with preosteoclasts to ensure matched bone resorption with bone formation during skeletal homeostasis in the adult and also suggest a new target to treat arthritis.