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Whole-genome sequencing data for 2,778 cancer samples from 2,658 unique donors across 38 cancer types is used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of cancer, revealing that driver mutations can precede diagnosis by several years to decades.

The construction of three-dimensional hierarchical heterostructures can lead to improved electrochemical properties. Maiet al. synthesize a three-dimensional multicomponent oxide, MnMoO₄/CoMoO₄, which is used to produce a supercapacitor with enhanced performance.

Understanding the dynamics of light-induced carriers is vital for employing two-dimensional materials in optoelectronic applications. Here, the authors use a sub diffraction-limit optical technique to reveal the excitonic properties of monolayer molybdenum disulfide at the nanoscale.

In the multicenter phase 2 OptiTROP-Lung01 trial in patients with treatment-naive advanced non-small-cell lung cancers, the antibody–drug conjugate sacituzumab tirumotecan with anti-PD-L1 tagitanlimab was safe and showed encouraging clinical efficacy.

Machine-learned potentials are accurate but often lack broad applicability. Here, authors develop a general-purpose neuroevolution potential for 16 metals and their alloys, achieving efficient and accurate predictions of various physical properties.

Atomically thin alloys are promising electrocatalysts but suffer from poor homogeneity. Here a multi-element metallene system is synthesized using an auto-catalytic method. The hexagonal close-packed intermetallic structure and isolated surface Ru–O₃ sites provide optimal adsorption of intermediates, contributing to high hydrogen oxidation activity and stability.

Transition metal carbides are attractive for electrochemical energy storage and catalysis, but cost effective preparation on a large scale is challenging. Here the authors use a direct pattern method to fabricate transition metal carbides for supercapacitors and solar energy harvesting for steam generation.

Cytoplasmic stress granules (SG) regulate cell fate and are involved in several physiological and pathological processes. Here, using mouse models of allergic rhinitis (AR), the authors reveal the formation of SGs within macrophages of the nasal mucosa and implicate SGs in the regulation of Lrp1-mediated efferocytosis and Type 2 cytokine production, aggravating AR symptoms.

Heterometallic nanomaterials in unusual crystal phases that are impossible to form in the bulk state can show interesting physical and chemical properties. Here, crystal-phase heterostructured 4H/fcc Au nanowires are used as seeds to epitaxially grow a variety of binary and ternary hybrid noble metal nanostructures on the phase boundary.

In atherosclerotic plaques, transformation of macrophages into foam cells is a key step in initiating the inflammatory response. Here Fan et al. show that casein kinase 2-interacting protein-1 (CKIP-1) limits foam cell formation and atherosclerosis by preventing expression of the scavenger receptor LOX-1 through REGγ-mediated degradation of Oct-1.

CRISPR-Cas9-based screens have allowed the study of gene-drug interactions. Here, the authors develop CRISPR-Cas9 knock-out, activation and repression screens in human gastric 3D organoids, also integrating single-cell CRISPR screens, to identify genes involved in the response to cisplatin in gastric cancer.

2D materials are known for their ability to remove heavy metal ions from water, however their adsorption mechanism is not well-understood. Here the authors prepared metallic 1T/1T′ phase 2D transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets, with activated sulfur sites, for rapid removal of Pb²⁺ ions.

Understanding deregulation of biological pathways in cancer can provide insight into disease etiology and potential therapies. Here, as part of the PanCancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) consortium, the authors present pathway and network analysis of 2583 whole cancer genomes from 27 tumour types.

There’s an emerging body of evidence to show how biological sex impacts cancer incidence, treatment and underlying biology. Here, using a large pan-cancer dataset, the authors further highlight how sex differences shape the cancer genome.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

Bioelectronic devices enable real-time monitoring, diagnosis and treatment by blending biological processes with electronic technology. This Review examines the material property landscape of low-dimensional materials in bioelectronic systems by device component, emphasizing their role in enabling the development of miniaturized bioelectronic platforms for wireless and connected health-care applications.

In somatic cells the mechanisms maintaining the chromosome ends are normally inactivated; however, cancer cells can re-activate these pathways to support continuous growth. Here, the authors characterize the telomeric landscapes across tumour types and identify genomic alterations associated with different telomere maintenance mechanisms.

Whole-genome sequencing data from more than 2,500 cancers of 38 tumour types reveal 16 signatures that can be used to classify somatic structural variants, highlighting the diversity of genomic rearrangements in cancer.

Viral pathogen load in cancer genomes is estimated through analysis of sequencing data from 2,656 tumors across 35 cancer types using multiple pathogen-detection pipelines, identifying viruses in 382 genomic and 68 transcriptome datasets.

Analysis of cancer genome sequencing data has enabled the discovery of driver mutations. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium the authors present DriverPower, a software package that identifies coding and non-coding driver mutations within cancer whole genomes via consideration of mutational burden and functional impact evidence.

A pan-cancer genomic analysis reports the effects of structural variations on chromatin domains (TADs). Most TAD disruptions do not result in appreciable changes in expression of nearby genes.

An analysis of 2,954 genomes from 38 cancer subtypes identified 19,166 retrotransposition events in 35% of samples. Aberrant LINE-1 retrotranspositions can lead to the deletion of tumor-suppressor genes as well as the amplification of oncogenes.

Some cancer patients first present with metastases where the location of the primary is unidentified; these are difficult to treat. In this study, using machine learning, the authors develop a method to determine the tissue of origin of a cancer based on whole sequencing data.

The immune regulatory mechanism for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) remains elusive. Here, the authors identify a c-kit⁺ cDC1 subset, which can be depleted by Desulfovibrio_sp.-induced H₂S via autophagic cell death and contributing to uncontrolled inflammation for MASH progression.

Many tumours exhibit hypoxia (low oxygen) and hypoxic tumours often respond poorly to therapy. Here, the authors quantify hypoxia in 1188 tumours from 27 cancer types, showing elevated hypoxia links to increased mutational load, directing evolutionary trajectories.

Multi-omics datasets pose major challenges to data interpretation and hypothesis generation owing to their high-dimensional molecular profiles. Here, the authors develop ActivePathways method, which uses data fusion techniques for integrative pathway analysis of multi-omics data and candidate gene discovery.

The characterization of 4,645 whole-genome and 19,184 exome sequences, covering most types of cancer, identifies 81 single-base substitution, doublet-base substitution and small-insertion-and-deletion mutational signatures, providing a systematic overview of the mutational processes that contribute to cancer development.

Metabolic dysfunction is an important characteristic of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) phenotypic transition in aortic dissection. Here, the authors show lncRNA H19 could encode a peptide, GMRSP. GMRSP regulates the glycolysis by counteracting hnRNP A2B1-mediated pyruvate kinase M pre-mRNA alternative splicing and control the phenotypic transition of VSMCs.

In this study the authors consider the structural variants (SVs) present within cancer cases of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. They report hundreds of genes, including known cancer-associated genes for which the nearby presence of a SV breakpoint is associated with altered expression.

Cancers evolve as they progress under differing selective pressures. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, the authors present the method TrackSig the estimates evolutionary trajectories of somatic mutational processes from single bulk tumour data.

An analysis of skeletal stem cells in mice reveals that bone ageing occurs at the level of local niches affecting skeletal and haematopoietic lineage output, which may influence systemic aspects of multi-organ physiological ageing.

Structural elucidation and functional analysis of the human GMPPA–GMPPB complex reveals how GMPPA acts as a ‘sensor’ of GDP-mannose to allosterically regulate GMPPB activity.

In this Perspective, members of the Aging Biomarker Consortium outline the X-Age Project, an Aging Biomarker Consortium plan for building standardized aging clocks in China. The authors discuss the project roadmap and its aims of decoding aging heterogeneity, detecting accelerated aging early and evaluating geroprotective interventions.

Fan et al. report a role for PRMT5 in regulating GPX4 stability and ferroptosis sensitivity through arginine methylation, which may be targeted to inhibit tumour development.

Dopaminergic dysfunction is a key of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. Here, the authors developed a multifunctional neural interface that simultaneously monitors dopamine dynamics and neural activity while delivering 40 Hz stimulation to rescue cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice.

Calvo-Rodriguez et al. show elevated calcium levels in neuronal mitochondria in a mouse model of cerebral β-amyloidosis after plaque deposition, which precede rare neuron death events in this model. The mechanism involves toxic extracellular Aβ oligomers and the mitochondrial calcium uniporter.

The power/energy trade-off is a common feature seen in a Ragone plot for an electrochemical storage device. Here the authors approach this issue by showing water-incorporated α-MoO₃ anodes with expanded interlayer gaps, which allow for the assembling of dual-ion energy storage devices.

Retinitis pigmentosa is the leading cause of inherited blindness worldwide. Here, the authors use exome sequencing to identify mutations in SLC7A14that may be linked to the disease, and provide functional support for the role of this gene in retinal development and visual function in mice and zebrafish.

Intracellular copper concentration has been linked to cell proliferation. Here, the authors demonstrate that copper binding to both Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and CCNB1 is essential for activating CDK1 and promoting the G2/M transition in the cell cycle.

Unstable configurations and uncontrollable stoichiometries in 1D magnets hinder their practical use. Here, the authors synthesize air-stable 1D V_xTe_y with distinct stoichiometries inside SWCNTs and analyze their magnetic properties.

It is still a mystery whether disorders could be beneficial for the superconductivity or not. In this work, it is surprising to find out that the carbon disordered 2D β-Mo₂C crystal sheet shows a much stronger superconductivity than the carbon ordered 2D α-Mo₂C crystal sheet, and the in-situ order-disorder transition from α-Mo₂C to β-Mo₂C induced by e-beam irradiation results in an enhanced superconductivity. Especially, the T_c variation trends of α-Mo₂C and β-Mo₂C are different under hydrostatic pressures. These results highlight the important role of disorders in the superconducting properties owing to the carbon distributions in Mo₂C.

Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides have emerged as interesting two-dimensional materials. Here, the authors show that in a new member of this family of compounds, rhenium disulphide, the layers in the bulk are vibrationally and electronically decoupled, so that they behave almost as monolayers.

Plants encounter high temperatures concomitantly with intense sunlight during the daytime. Here, the authors reveal a concerted chloroplast and nucleus high-temperature signaling framework that gates daytime thermomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis.

Unidirectional alignment of MoS₂ domains during epitaxial growth on C/A sapphire enables the realization of large-area MoS₂ single crystals.

Genetic studies of Chinese individuals have been performed, but mostly with short read sequencing, limiting the types of variants that can be identified. Here, the authors perform long read sequencing of 945 han Chinese individuals, finding structural variants under natural selection and those associated with human traits and evolutionary history.

Domestic ducks are descended from the Mallard and have been bred for several purposes. Here the authors present three high-quality duck genome assemblies which recover previously missing genes and provide a rich resource of variants potentially related to domestication.